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JR Spitzner, IK Chung, TD Gootz, PR McGuirk and MT Muller
Ohio State University, Department of Molecular Genetics, Columbus 43210, USA.
The quinolone derivative CP-115,953 [6,8-difluoro-7-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1- cyclopropyl-4-quinolone-3-carboxylic acid] has been shown to induce eukaryotic topoisomerase II-mediated breaks in DNA, producing cleavage patterns that are distinct from those induced by the anticancer drugs amsacrine, etoposide, and teniposide. High levels of the quinolone have been found to inhibit topoisomerase II activity via an interaction with the enzyme and not by DNA unwinding. Topoisomerase II cleavage sites were analyzed on nine DNA fragments, and 85 quinolone-induced sites were sequenced, as well as 86 amsacrine and 134 teniposide sites. A consensus sequence was derived for the quinolone sites that is different from those reported for other drugs; however, because topoisomerase II cleavage sites are double-stranded but not palindromic, different consensus sequences are not easily compared. For this reason, a new, double-stranded, consensus sequence method, the "unique-base analysis," was developed; this was applied to the quinolone sites as well as six other large sets of topoisomerase II sites determined in the absence or presence of drugs. For each of the seven sets of sites, conserved bases were found in the 16-base region spanning positions -6 to +10, relative to the enzyme cleavage site (DNA breakage between -1 and +1). The conserved bases were virtually identical in the regions flanking the cleavage site for all seven data sets. In contrast, the base preferences identified proximal to the cleavage sites were unique to the drug tested. These observations suggest that the selection of cleavage sites by topoisomerase II involves both enzyme-dependent and drug-dependent recognition elements. The single most preferred base in the quinolone sites was a cytosine at -1; the same preference was found with teniposide, and 60 of the 85 quinolone sites co-localized with teniposide sites.
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