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Vol. 56, Issue 5, 938-946, November 1999
Departments of Bioscience (A.I., T.S., Y.M., Y.T.) and Epidemiology
(T.A.), Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor
p21Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1 has been suggested to be
involved in the antiproliferative effect of nitric oxide (NO) in
vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). To elucidate the mechanism underlying NO-induced p21 expression, we investigated the roles of
tumor suppressor p53 and the guanylate cyclase-cGMP pathway. The
induction of p21 by the NO donor
S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP)
seemed to be due to transactivation because SNAP elevated the activity
of p21 promoter but did not stabilize p21 mRNA and protein. Because
SNAP did not stimulate the deletion mutant of p21 promoter that lacked
p53 binding sites, we tested the involvement of p53. The expression
level of p53 was down-regulated after mitogenic stimulation, whereas it
was sustained in the presence of SNAP. SNAP markedly stimulated DNA
binding activity of p53. Furthermore, SNAP failed to induce p21 in
VSMCs obtained from p53-knock out mice and in A431 cells that contained
mutated p53. The antiproliferative effect of SNAP also was attenuated
in these cells. NO stimulates guanylate cyclase and its product cGMP
has been shown to inhibit VSMC proliferation. However,
1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one, a
guanylate cyclase inhibitor, did not prevent SNAP-induced p21 expression. 8-Bromo-cGMP, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, and their combination did not induce p21. Although 8-bromo-cGMP had a small antiproliferative effect, the elevation of cGMP concentration induced
by SNAP was little throughout the G1 phase. The
antiproliferative effect of SNAP was not attenuated by
Rp-8-bromoguanosine-3',5'-monophosphorothioate, an inhibitor of
cGMP-dependent protein kinase. These results suggested that NO induces
p21 through a p53-dependent but cGMP-independent pathway.
Copyright © 1999 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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