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Vol. 62, Issue 1, 65-74, July 2002
Superfamily Type I Activin Receptor-Like Kinase (ALK)
Receptors ALK4, ALK5, and ALK7
Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London
Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, UK
(G.J.I., F.J.N., C.S.H.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (J.F.C.);
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals,
Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK (J.D.H.); Department of High-Throughput
Chemistry (L.M.G.) and High-Throughput Biology (A.D.R.),
GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Harlow, Essex, UK; and Renal and
Urology Research, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia,
Pennsylvania (N.J.L.)
Small molecule inhibitors have proven extremely useful for
investigating signal transduction pathways and have the potential for
development into therapeutics for inhibiting signal transduction pathways whose activities contribute to human diseases. Transforming growth factor 
(TGF-) is a member of a large family of
pleiotropic cytokines that are involved in many biological processes,
including growth control, differentiation, migration, cell survival,
adhesion, and specification of developmental fate, in both normal and
diseased states. TGF- superfamily members signal through a receptor
complex comprising a type II and type I receptor, both
serine/threonine kinases. Here, we characterize a small molecule
inhibitor (SB-431542) that was identified as an inhibitor of
activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)5 (the TGF- type I
receptor). We demonstrate that it inhibits ALK5 and also the activin
type I receptor ALK4 and the nodal type I receptor ALK7, which are very
highly related to ALK5 in their kinase domains. It has no effect on the
other, more divergent ALK family members that recognize bone
morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Consistent with this, we demonstrate
that SB-431542 is a selective inhibitor of endogenous activin and
TGF- signaling but has no effect on BMP signaling. To demonstrate
the specificity of SB-431542, we tested its effect on several other
signal transduction pathways whose activities depend on the concerted
activation of multiple kinases. SB-431542 has no effect on components
of the ERK, JNK, or p38 MAP kinase pathways or on components of the
signaling pathways activated in response to serum.
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J. Ma, Q. Wang, T. Fei, J.-D. J. Han, and Y.-G. Chen MCP-1 mediates TGF-{beta}-induced angiogenesis by stimulating vascular smooth muscle cell migration Blood, February 1, 2007; 109(3): 987 - 994. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Ogawa, A. Saito, H. Matsui, H. Suzuki, S. Ohtsuka, D. Shimosato, Y. Morishita, T. Watabe, H. Niwa, and K. Miyazono Activin-Nodal signaling is involved in propagation of mouse embryonic stem cells J. Cell Sci., January 1, 2007; 120(1): 55 - 65. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. S. Jeon, H. J. Moon, M. J. Lee, H. Y. Song, Y. M. Kim, Y. C. Bae, J. S. Jung, and J. H. Kim Sphingosylphosphorylcholine induces differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into smooth-muscle-like cells through a TGF-{beta}-dependent mechanism J. Cell Sci., December 1, 2006; 119(23): 4994 - 5005. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Ishikawa, W. Mizunoya, T. Shibakusa, K. Inoue, and T. Fushiki Transforming growth factor-beta in the brain regulates fat metabolism during endurance exercise Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, December 1, 2006; 291(6): E1151 - E1159. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P.-P. Kuang, M. Joyce-Brady, X.-H. Zhang, J.-C. Jean, and R. H. Goldstein Fibulin-5 gene expression in human lung fibroblasts is regulated by TGF-beta and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, December 1, 2006; 291(6): C1412 - C1421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Gadue, T. L. Huber, P. J. Paddison, and G. M. Keller Wnt and TGF-beta signaling are required for the induction of an in vitro model of primitive streak formation using embryonic stem cells PNAS, November 7, 2006; 103(45): 16806 - 16811. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. B. Gilchrist, L. J. Ritter, S. Myllymaa, N. Kaivo-Oja, R. A. Dragovic, T. E. Hickey, O. Ritvos, and D. G. Mottershead Molecular basis of oocyte-paracrine signalling that promotes granulosa cell proliferation J. Cell Sci., September 15, 2006; 119(18): 3811 - 3821. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Roussa, M. Wiehle, N. Dunker, S. Becker-Katins, O. Oehlke, and K. Krieglstein Transforming Growth Factor {beta} Is Required for Differentiation of Mouse Mesencephalic Progenitors into Dopaminergic Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo: Ectopic Induction in Dorsal Mesencephalon Stem Cells, September 1, 2006; 24(9): 2120 - 2129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. M. Zhao and F. M. Hoffmann Inhibition of Transforming Growth Factor-beta1-induced Signaling and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition by the Smad-binding Peptide Aptamer Trx-SARA Mol. Biol. Cell, September 1, 2006; 17(9): 3819 - 3831. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Oida, L. Xu, H. L. Weiner, A. Kitani, and W. Strober TGF-beta-Mediated Suppression by CD4+CD25+ T Cells Is Facilitated by CTLA-4 Signaling J. Immunol., August 15, 2006; 177(4): 2331 - 2339. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Mikami, J. H. Lim, H. Ishinaga, U.-H. Ha, H. Gu, T. Koga, H. Jono, H. Kai, and J.-D. Li The Transforming Growth Factor-beta-Smad3/4 Signaling Pathway Acts as a Positive Regulator for TLR2 Induction by Bacteria via a Dual Mechanism Involving Functional Cooperation with NF-{kappa}B and MAPK Phosphatase 1-dependent Negative Cross-talk with p38 MAPK J. Biol. Chem., August 4, 2006; 281(31): 22397 - 22408. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. M Bilezikjian, A. L Blount, C. J Donaldson, and W. W Vale Pituitary actions of ligands of the TGF-{beta} family: activins and inhibins. Reproduction, August 1, 2006; 132(2): 207 - 215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Hudson and H. Yasuo A signalling relay involving Nodal and Delta ligands acts during secondary notochord induction in Ciona embryos Development, August 1, 2006; 133(15): 2855 - 2864. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Biswas, T. L. Criswell, S. E. Wang, and C. L. Arteaga Inhibition of Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Signaling in Human Cancer: Targeting a Tumor Suppressor Network as a Therapeutic Strategy. Clin. Cancer Res., July 15, 2006; 12(14): 4142 - 4146. [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Shi-Wen, F. Rodriguez-Pascual, S. Lamas, A. Holmes, S. Howat, J. D. Pearson, M. R. Dashwood, R. M. du Bois, C. P. Denton, C. M. Black, et al. Constitutive ALK5-Independent c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Activation Contributes to Endothelin-1 Overexpression in Pulmonary Fibrosis: Evidence of an Autocrine Endothelin Loop Operating through the Endothelin A and B Receptors. Mol. Cell. Biol., July 1, 2006; 26(14): 5518 - 5527. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Dong and G. C. Blobe Role of transforming growth factor-beta in hematologic malignancies Blood, June 15, 2006; 107(12): 4589 - 4596. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y.-G. Chen, Q. Wang, S.-L. Lin, C. D. Chang, J. Chung, and S.-Y. Ying Activin Signaling and Its Role in Regulation of Cell Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Carcinogenesis. Experimental Biology and Medicine, May 1, 2006; 231(5): 534 - 544. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Wang, S. Li, P. J. Southern, and P. P. Cleary Streptococcal modulation of cellular invasion via TGF-beta1 signaling PNAS, February 14, 2006; 103(7): 2380 - 2385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. L. Fleenor, A. R. Shepard, P. E. Hellberg, N. Jacobson, I.-H. Pang, and A. F. Clark TGF{beta}2-Induced Changes in Human Trabecular Meshwork: Implications for Intraocular Pressure Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., January 1, 2006; 47(1): 226 - 234. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Q. Zhu, S. Pearson-White, and K. Luo Requirement for the SnoN Oncoprotein in Transforming Growth Factor {beta}-Induced Oncogenic Transformation of Fibroblast Cells Mol. Cell. Biol., December 15, 2005; 25(24): 10731 - 10744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Chu, J. Ding, K. Jeays-Ward, S. M. Price, M. Placzek, and M. M. Shen Non-cell-autonomous role for Cripto in axial midline formation during vertebrate embryogenesis Development, December 15, 2005; 132(24): 5539 - 5551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Schmierer and C. S. Hill Kinetic Analysis of Smad Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling Reveals a Mechanism for Transforming Growth Factor {beta}-Dependent Nuclear Accumulation of Smads Mol. Cell. Biol., November 15, 2005; 25(22): 9845 - 9858. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Jullien and J. Gurdon Morphogen gradient interpretation by a regulated trafficking step during ligand-receptor transduction Genes & Dev., November 15, 2005; 19(22): 2682 - 2694. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Sugaru, M. Sakai, K. Horigome, T. Tokunaga, M. Kitoh, W. E. Hume, R. Nagata, T. Nakagawa, and M. Taiji SMP-534 inhibits TGF-{beta}-induced ECM production in fibroblast cells and reduces mesangial matrix accumulation in experimental glomerulonephritis Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, November 1, 2005; 289(5): F998 - F1004. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Vallier, M. Alexander, and R. A. Pedersen Activin/Nodal and FGF pathways cooperate to maintain pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells J. Cell Sci., October 1, 2005; 118(19): 4495 - 4509. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Levy and C. S. Hill Smad4 Dependency Defines Two Classes of Transforming Growth Factor {beta} (TGF-{beta}) Target Genes and Distinguishes TGF-{beta}-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition from Its Antiproliferative and Migratory Responses Mol. Cell. Biol., September 15, 2005; 25(18): 8108 - 8125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Suzuki, G.-i. Kusakai, Y. Shimojo, J. Chen, T. Ogura, M. Kobayashi, and H. Esumi Involvement of Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}1 Signaling in Hypoxia-induced Tolerance to Glucose Starvation J. Biol. Chem., September 9, 2005; 280(36): 31557 - 31563. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. L. Close, B. Gumuscu, and T. A. Reh Retinal neurons regulate proliferation of postnatal progenitors and Muller glia in the rat retina via TGF{beta} signaling Development, July 1, 2005; 132(13): 3015 - 3026. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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