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Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medical Sciences (A.P., N.D., R.N., Y.U., G.G., B.A.) and School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences (D.S.), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Abstract
The voltage-dependent M-type potassium current (M-current) plays a major role in controlling brain excitability by stabilizing the membrane potential and acting as a brake for neuronal firing. The KCNQ2/Q3 heteromeric channel complex was identified as the molecular correlate of the M-current. Furthermore, the KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 channel 
subunits are mutated in families with benign familial neonatal convulsions, a neonatal form of epilepsy. Enhancement of KCNQ2/Q3 potassium currents may provide an important target for antiepileptic drug development. Here, we show that meclofenamic acid (meclofenamate) and diclofenac, two related molecules previously used as anti-inflammatory drugs, act as novel KCNQ2/Q3 channel openers. Extracellular application of meclofenamate (EC50 = 25 µM) and diclofenac (EC50 = 2.6 µM) resulted in the activation of KCNQ2/Q3 K+ currents, heterologously expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Both openers activated KCNQ2/Q3 channels by causing a hyperpolarizing shift of the voltage activation curve (-23 and -15 mV, respectively) and by markedly slowing the deactivation kinetics. The effects of the drugs were stronger on KCNQ2 than on KCNQ3 channel subunits. In contrast, they did not enhance KCNQ1 K+ currents. Both openers increased KCNQ2/Q3 current amplitude at physiologically relevant potentials and led to hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential. In cultured cortical neurons, meclofenamate and diclofenac enhanced the M-current and reduced evoked and spontaneous action potentials, whereas in vivo diclofenac exhibited an anticonvulsant activity (ED50 = 43 mg/kg). These compounds potentially constitute novel drug templates for the treatment of neuronal hyperexcitability including epilepsy, migraine, or neuropathic pain.
Address correspondence to: Dr. Bernard Attali, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. E-mail: battali{at}post.tau.ac.il
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