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Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California (C.B., G.A.G., K.G.C.); Bachem Bioscience Inc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (M.W.P., S.S., D.N., G.C., I.K.); Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California (H.W., C.Y.C.); and Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland (P.A.C.)
Abstract
The voltage-gated Kv1.3 K+ channel is a novel target for immunomodulation of autoreactive effector memory T (TEM) cells that play a major role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. We describe the characterization of the novel peptide ShK(L5) that contains L-phosphotyrosine linked via a nine-atom hydrophilic linker to the N terminus of the ShK peptide from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus. ShK(L5) is a highly specific Kv1.3 blocker that exhibits 100-fold selectivity for Kv1.3 (Kd = 69 pM) over Kv1.1 and greater than 250-fold selectivity over all other channels tested. ShK(L5) suppresses the proliferation of human and rat TEM cells and inhibits interleukin-2 production at picomolar concentrations. Naive and central memory human T cells are initially 60-fold less sensitive than TEM cells to ShK(L5) and then become resistant to the peptide during activation by up-regulating the calcium-activated KCa3.1 channel. ShK(L5) does not exhibit in vitro cytotoxicity on mammalian cell lines and is negative in the Ames test. It is stable in plasma and when administered once daily by subcutaneous injection (10 µg/kg) attains "steady state" blood levels of 
300 pM. This regimen does not cause cardiac toxicity assessed by continuous EKG monitoring and does not alter clinical chemistry and hematological parameters after 2-week therapy. ShK(L5) prevents and treats experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and suppresses delayed type hypersensitivity in rats. ShK(L5) might prove useful for therapy of autoimmune disorders.
Address correspondence to: Reprint requests to: K. George Chandy, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Medical School, 291 Irvine Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4561. Tel: 949-824-7435, Fax: 949-824-3143, email: gchandy{at}uci.edu
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