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B
Kinase and Akt Activation
Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), an anti-inflammatory agent used in traditional medicine, has been shown to suppress cellular transformation, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis through a mechanism not fully understood. Because several genes that mediate these processes are regulated by nuclear factor-
B (NF-
B), we have postulated that curcumin mediates its activity by modulating NF-
B activation. Indeed, our laboratory has shown previously that curcumin can suppress NF-
B activation induced by a variety of agents (J Biol Chem 270:24995-50000, 1995
B and NF-
B-regulated gene expression. Screening of 20 different analogs of curcumin showed that curcumin was the most potent analog in suppressing the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced NF-
B activation. Curcumin inhibited TNF-induced NF-
B-dependent reporter gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. Curcumin also suppressed NF-
B reporter activity induced by tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)1, TNFR2, NF-
B-inducing kinase, I
B kinase complex (IKK), and the p65 subunit of NF-
B. Such TNF-induced NF-
B-regulated gene products involved in cellular proliferation [cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), cyclin D1, and c-myc], antiapoptosis [inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP)1, IAP2, X-chromosome-linked IAP, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bfl-1/A1, TNF receptor-associated factor 1, and cellular Fas-associated death domain protein-like interleukin-1
-converting enzyme inhibitory protein-like inhibitory protein], and metastasis (vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1) were also down-regulated by curcumin. COX-2 promoter activity induced by TNF was abrogated by curcumin. We found that curcumin suppressed TNF-induced nuclear translocation of p65, which corresponded with the sequential suppression of I
B
kinase activity, I
B
phosphorylation, I
B
degradation, p65 phosphorylation, p65 nuclear translocation, and p65 acetylation. Curcumin also inhibited TNF-induced Akt activation and its association with IKK. Glutathione and dithiothreitol reversed the effect of curcumin on TNF-induced NF-
B activation. Overall, our results indicated that curcumin inhibits NF-
B activation and NF-
B-regulated gene expression through inhibition of IKK and Akt activation.
Address correspondence to: Dr. Bharat B. Aggarwal, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Box 143, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030-4009. E-mail: aggarwal{at}mdanderson.org
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