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The Impact of Blunted -Adrenergic Responsiveness on Growth Regulatory Pathways in Hypertension

Departments of Medicine (R.D.F., J.G.P., R.A.H.) and Physiology and Pharmacology (R.D.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and Cell Signaling (R.G., Q.D., J.C., R.D.F.) and Vascular Biology (R.G., J.A., J.G.P., R.A.H., R.D.F.) Research Groups, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada

The effects of vasodilator hormones acting through receptors linked to adenylyl cyclase are impaired in the hypertensive state. This has been ascribed to impaired receptor-G protein coupling. However, these receptors also act via effectors not linked to adenylyl cyclase activation. These "alternate" mechanisms may be especially important in growth regulation and might be unaffected (or enhanced) with G protein-coupled receptor-G protein uncoupling. Therefore, we assessed the effects of -adrenergic activation on 1) regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3 kinase) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation—two tyrosine kinase-dependent enzymes linked to cell growth—and 2) microarray analysis in vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Isoproterenol-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was impaired in SHR. The effect of forskolin was unaltered. In contrast, both vasopressin and angiotensin 2-mediated stimulation of ERK activation was enhanced in SHR. In addition, -adrenergic-mediated inhibition of PI3 kinase activity was attenuated in SHR (whereas the effect of forskolin remained intact). In microarray studies, the effect of isoproterenol to regulate transcription was significantly impaired in SHR (as was the effect of forskolin). Together, these data support the hypothesis that the blunted vasodilator effects of hormones linked to adenylyl cyclase activation are an index of a more generalized impairment in modulating growth regulatory pathways. Furthermore, this study supports the hypothesis that the blunting of -adrenergic responses relating to increased G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 expression reflects a "generalized uncoupling" of -adrenergic-mediated responses and do not support the concept of "enhanced coupling" of "alternate" pathways of -adrenergic growth regulatory pathways in the hypertensive state.

Address correspondence to: Dr. Ross D. Feldman, Robarts Research Institute, 100 Perth Dr., London, ON, Canada N6A 5K8. E-mail: feldmanr{at}lhsc.on.ca

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