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Embelin, an Inhibitor of X Chromosome-Linked Inhibitor-of-Apoptosis Protein, Blocks Nuclear Factor-B (NF-B) Signaling Pathway Leading to Suppression of NF-B-Regulated Antiapoptotic and Metastatic Gene Products

Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas

Identifying the active chemical ingredients of ancient medicines and the molecular targets of those ingredients is an attractive therapeutic objective. Embelin, identified primarily from the Embelia ribes plant, is one such compound shown to exhibit chemopreventive, anti-inflammatory, and apoptotic activities through an unknown mechanism. Because nuclear factor-B (NF-B) regulates several genes associated with inflammation, proliferation, carcinogenesis, and apoptosis, we postulated that embelin might mediate its activity through modulation of NF-B activation. We found that embelin inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -induced NF-B activation. Both inducible and constitutive NF-B activation were abrogated by embelin. In addition, NF-B activated by diverse stimuli such as interleukin-1, lipopolysaccharide, phorbol myristate acetate, okadaic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and cigarette smoke condensate also was suppressed. We found that embelin inhibited sequentially the TNF-induced activation of the inhibitory subunit of NF-B (IB) kinase, IB phosphorylation, IB degradation, and p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Embelin also suppressed NF-B-dependent reporter gene transcription induced by TNF, TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1), TNFR1-associated death domain protein, TNFR-associated factor-2, NF-B-inducing kinase, and IB kinase but not by p65. Furthermore, we found that embelin down-regulated gene products involved in cell survival, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of the tumor. This down-regulation was associated with enhanced apoptosis by cytokine and chemotherapeutic agents. Together, our results indicate that embelin is a novel NF-B blocker and potential suppressor of tumorigenesis.

Received for publication July 12, 2006.

Accepted for publication October 5, 2006.

Address correspondence to: Dr. Bharat B. Aggarwal, Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030. E-mail: aggarwal{at}mdanderson.org

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