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Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Section of Theoretical and Receptor Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (G.E.R., V.C.); and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (R.R.N.)
Despite extensive study of heptahelical G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the precise mechanism of G protein activation is unknown. The role of one highly conserved stretch of residues, the amino acids glutamic acid/aspartic acid–arginine–tyrosine (i.e., the E/DRY motif), has received considerable attention with respect to regulating GPCR conformational states. In the consensus view, glutamic acid/aspartic acid maintains the receptor in its ground state, because mutations frequently induce constitutive activity (CA). This hypothesis has been confirmed by the rhodopsin ground-state crystal structure and by computational modeling approaches. However, some class A GPCRs are resistant to CA, suggesting alternative roles for the glutamic acid/aspartic acid residue and the E/DRY motif. Here, we propose two different subgroups of receptors within class A GPCRs that make different use of the E/DRY motif, independent of the G protein type (Gs, Gi, or Gq) to which the receptor couples. In phenotype 1 receptors, nonconservative mutations of the glutamic acid/aspartic acid–arginine residues, besides inducing CA, increase affinity for agonist binding, retain G protein coupling, and retain an agonist-induced response. In contrast, in second phenotype receptors, the E/DRY motif is more directly involved in governing receptor conformation and G protein coupling/recognition. Hence, mutations of the glutamic acid/aspartic acid residues do not induce CA. Conversely, nonconservative mutations of the arginine of the E/DRY motif always impair agonist-induced receptor responses and, generally, reduce agonist binding affinity. Thus, it is essential to look beyond the rhodopsin ground-state model of conformational activation to clarify the role of this highly conserved triplet in GPCR activation and function.
Address correspondence to: Dr. G. Enrico Rovati, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy. E-mail: genrico.rovati{at}unimi.it
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