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Application of β-Lactamase Enzyme Complementation to the High-Throughput Screening of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Inhibitors

Department of Immunology (H.-K.L., S.J.B., H.R., P.S.T.) and Molecular Screening Center (S.J.B.), the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California

We describe a successful application of β-lactamase fragment complementation to high-throughput screening (HTS) for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling inhibitors. We developed a stable cell line, HeLa/CL3-4, expressing MyD88/Bla(a) and TLR4/Bla(b), in which the two β-lactamase fragments complement with each other by virtue of spontaneous MyD88-TLR4 binding via their Toll/IL-1R (TIR) domains. Inhibition of the MyD88-TLR4 binding leads to the disruption of the enzyme complementation and a loss of the lactamase activity. We used a 384-well plate format to screen 16,000 compounds using this assay and obtained 45 primary hits. After rescreening these 45 hits and eliminating compounds that directly inhibited β-lactamase, we had five candidate inhibitors. We show that these five act as inhibitors of TLR4-MyD88 binding and are variously effective at inhibiting lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cytokine release from RAW264.7 cells. One compound is effective near 100 nM. None of the compounds showed any cytotoxicity at 20 µM.

Address correspondence to: Dr. Peter S. Tobias, Department of Immunology, IMM-12, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037. E-mail: tobias{at}scripps.edu

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