![[Feedback]](/icons/banner/feedbackACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[For Subscribers]](/icons/banner/subscriberACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Archive]](/icons/banner/archiveACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Search]](/icons/banner/searchACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Contents]](/icons/banner/tocACT.gif){kind=icon}
|
|
|
|
|
||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
Abstract
The superfamily of G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) is one of the largest and most studied families of proteins. We created Hidden Markov Models derived from sorted groups of GPCRs from our previous detailed phylogenetic classification of human GPCRs and added several other models derived from receptors not found in mammals. We used these models to search entire Genscan data sets from 13 species whose genomes are nearly completely sequenced. We found more than 5000 unique GPCRs that were divided into 15 main groups, and the largest one, the Rhodopsin family, was subdivided into 13 subclasses. The results show that the main families in the human genome, Glutamate, Rhodopsin, Adhesion, Frizzled, and Secretin, arose before the split of nematodes from the chordate lineage. Moreover, several of the subgroups of the Rhodopsin family arose before the split of the linage leading to vertebrates. We also searched expressed sequence tag (EST) databases and identified more than 20,000 sequences that match GPCRs. Although the GPCRs represent typically 1 to 2% of the Genscan predictions, the ESTs that match GPCRs are typically only 0.01 to 0.001%, indicating that GPCRs in most of the groups are expressed at low levels. We also provide searchable data sets that may be used for annotation and further detailed analysis of the GPCR family. This study provides an extensive overview of the expansion of the gene repertoire for families and subgroups of GPCRs.
Address correspondence to: Dr. Helgi B. Schiöth, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Box 593, 75 124 Uppsala, Sweden. E-mail: helgis{at}bmc.uu.se
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  T. Lee, R. Schwandner, G. Swaminath, J. Weiszmann, M. Cardozo, J. Greenberg, P. Jaeckel, H. Ge, Y. Wang, X. Jiao, et al. Identification and Functional Characterization of Allosteric Agonists for the G Protein-Coupled Receptor FFA2 Mol. Pharmacol., December 1, 2008; 74(6): 1599 - 1609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Einstein, H. Jordan, W. Zhou, M. Brenner, E. G. Moses, and S. B. Liggett Alternative splicing of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily in human airway smooth muscle diversifies the complement of receptors PNAS, April 1, 2008; 105(13): 5230 - 5235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. S. Hagemann, D. L. Miller, J. M. Klco, G. V. Nikiforovich, and T. J. Baranski Structure of the Complement Factor 5a Receptor-Ligand Complex Studied by Disulfide Trapping and Molecular Modeling J. Biol. Chem., March 21, 2008; 283(12): 7763 - 7775. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Szidonya, M. Cserzo, and L. Hunyady Dimerization and oligomerization of G-protein-coupled receptors: debated structures with established and emerging functions J. Endocrinol., March 1, 2008; 196(3): 435 - 453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Q. Davies, G.-W. Chang, S. Yona, S. Gordon, M. Stacey, and H.-H. Lin The Role of Receptor Oligomerization in Modulating the Expression and Function of Leukocyte Adhesion-G Protein-coupled Receptors J. Biol. Chem., September 14, 2007; 282(37): 27343 - 27353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Hauser, S. Kauffman, B.-K. Lee, F. Naider, and J. M. Becker The First Extracellular Loop of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae G Protein-coupled Receptor Ste2p Undergoes a Conformational Change upon Ligand Binding J. Biol. Chem., April 6, 2007; 282(14): 10387 - 10397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. D. Ridge and K. Palczewski Visual Rhodopsin Sees the Light: Structure and Mechanism of G Protein Signaling J. Biol. Chem., March 30, 2007; 282(13): 9297 - 9301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Rompler, C. Staubert, D. Thor, A. Schulz, M. Hofreiter, and T. Schoneberg G Protein-Coupled Time Travel: Evolutionary Aspects of GPCR Research Mol. Interv., February 1, 2007; 7(1): 17 - 25. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Wang, X. Wu, N. Simonavicius, H. Tian, and L. Ling Medium-chain Fatty Acids as Ligands for Orphan G Protein-coupled Receptor GPR84 J. Biol. Chem., November 10, 2006; 281(45): 34457 - 34464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Kuang, Y. Yao, D. MacLean, M. Wang, D. R. Hampson, and B. S. W. Chang From the Cover: Ancestral reconstruction of the ligand-binding pocket of Family C G protein-coupled receptors PNAS, September 19, 2006; 103(38): 14050 - 14055. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. E. Iismaa, G. E. Begg, and R. M. Graham Cross-Linking Transglutaminases with G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling Sci. Signal., September 19, 2006; 2006(353): pe34 - pe34. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Wang, N. Simonavicius, X. Wu, G. Swaminath, J. Reagan, H. Tian, and L. Ling Kynurenic Acid as a Ligand for Orphan G Protein-coupled Receptor GPR35 J. Biol. Chem., August 4, 2006; 281(31): 22021 - 22028. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. K. Kroeze and B. L. Roth Screening the receptorome. J Psychopharmacol, July 1, 2006; 20(4 Suppl): 41 - 46. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Klco, G. V. Nikiforovich, and T. J. Baranski Genetic Analysis of the First and Third Extracellular Loops of the C5a Receptor Reveals an Essential WXFG Motif in the First Loop J. Biol. Chem., April 28, 2006; 281(17): 12010 - 12019. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Wang, Y. Yao, D. Kuang, and D. R. Hampson Activation of Family C G-protein-coupled Receptors by the Tripeptide Glutathione J. Biol. Chem., March 31, 2006; 281(13): 8864 - 8870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. G. Vogt How Sensitive Is a Nose? Sci. Signal., February 14, 2006; 2006(322): pe8 - pe8. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. C. Overton, S. L. Chinault, and K. J. Blumer Oligomerization of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: Lessons from the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Eukaryot. Cell, December 1, 2005; 4(12): 1963 - 1970. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. G. Sgourakis, P. G. Bagos, and S. J. Hamodrakas Prediction of the coupling specificity of GPCRs to four families of G-proteins using hidden Markov models and artificial neural networks Bioinformatics, November 15, 2005; 21(22): 4101 - 4106. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Assmann G Protein Signaling in the Regulation of Rice Seed Germination Sci. Signal., November 15, 2005; 2005(310): cm12 - cm12. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Assmann G Protein Regulation of Disease Resistance During Infection of Rice with Rice Blast Fungus Sci. Signal., November 15, 2005; 2005(310): cm13 - cm13. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Assmann G Protein Signaling in the Regulation of Arabidopsis Seed Germination Sci. Signal., November 1, 2005; 2005(308): cm11 - cm11. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Perez From Plants to Man: The GPCR "Tree of Life" Mol. Pharmacol., May 1, 2005; 67(5): 1383 - 1384. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
 |
 |
 |
|
 |
 |
 |
