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Received for publication October 13, 2004.
Revised January 20, 2005.
Accepted for publication January 21, 2005.
The voltage-gated Kv1.3 K+ channel is a novel target for immunomodulation of autoreactive effector memory (TEM) T cells that play a major role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. We describe the characterization of the novel peptide ShK(L5) that contains L-phosphotyrosine linked via a 9 atom hydrophilic linker to the N-terminus of the ShK peptide from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus. ShK (L5) is a highly specific Kv1.3 blocker that exhibits 100-fold selectivity for Kv1.3 (Kd = 69 pM) over Kv1.1 and greater than 250-fold selectivity over all other channels tested. ShK(L5) suppresses the proliferation of human and rat TEM cells and inhibits IL2 production at picomolar concentrations. Naive and central memory human T cells are initially 60- fold less sensitive than TEM cells to ShK(L5) and then become resistant to the peptide during activation by up-regulating the calcium-activated KCa3.1 channel. ShK(L5) does not exhibit in vitro cytotoxicity on mammalian cell lines and is negative in the Ames test. It is stable in plasma and when administered once daily by subcutaneous injection (10 µg/kg) attains "steady state" blood levels of ~300 pM. This regimen does not cause cardiac toxicity assessed by continuous EKG monitoring, and does not alter clinical chemistry and hematological parameters after 2-week therapy. ShK(L5) prevents and treats experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and suppresses delayed type hypersensitivity in rats. ShK(L5) might have use for the therapy of autoimmune disorders.
Key words:
Ion channel regulation, Potassium, Fluorescence techniques, Structure/function/mechanism
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