Recombinant Human CXC-Chemokine Receptor-4 in Melanophores Are Linked to G_i Protein: Seven Transmembrane Coreceptors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Entry into Cells

Abstract

This article describes the transient expression of the CXC chemokine receptor-4 in Xenopuslaevis melanophores and the resulting functional assay for the endogenous ligand for this receptor stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α. Specifically, it will be shown that SDF-1α produces increased light transmittance in transfected cells that is consistent with the activation of G_i protein. This stimulus pathway is further implicated by the abolition of this response after pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin, a known method for the inactivation of G_iprotein. The fact that SDF-1α does not produce responses in nontransfected cells and that treatment of the cells with 12G5, an antibody specific for the CXC chemokine receptor-4, eliminates this response indicates that this ligand produces responses by activation of this receptor in these cells. The possible relevance to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry into cells was explored by observing the effects of SDF-1α on HIV-mediated cell fusion. It was found that SDF-1α blocked cell-to-cell fusion (as has been previously reported) at concentrations 1200-fold greater than those required to produce G_i protein mediated responses. The implications of the functional assay to screening for new drugs to block HIV-mediated fusion is discussed.