Receptor-Mediated Activation of G_sα: Evidence for Intramolecular Signal Transduction

Abstract

To investigate the mechanism by which cell surface receptors activate heterotrimeric G proteins, we applied a scanning mutagenesis approach to the carboxyl-terminal 40% of α_s (residues 236–394) to identify residues that play a role in receptor-mediated activation. We identified four regions of sequence in which mutations significantly impaired receptor-dependent stimulation of cAMP synthesis in transiently transfected cyc⁻ S49 lymphoma cells, which lack endogenous α_s. Residues at the carboxyl terminus are likely to be receptor contact sites. Buried residues near the bound GDP are connected to the carboxyl terminus by an α helix and may regulate GDP affinity. Residues in two adjacent loops of the GTPase domain at the interface with the helical domain, one of which includes a region, switch III, that changes conformation on GTP binding, are positioned to relay the receptor-initiated signal across the domain interface to facilitate GDP release. Consistent with this hypothesis, replacing the helical domain of α_s with that of α_i2 in an α_s/α_i2/α_s chimera corrects the defect in receptor-mediated activation caused by α_i2substitutions on the GTPase side of the interface. Thus, complementary interactions between residues across the domain interface seem to play a role in receptor-catalyzed activation.