Local Anesthetic Block of Batrachotoxin-Resistant Muscle Na⁺ Channels

Abstract

Local anesthetics (LAs) are noncompetitive antagonists of batrachotoxin (BTX) in voltage-gated Na⁺ channels. The putative LA receptor has been delineated within the transmembrane segment S6 in domain IV of voltage-gated Na⁺ channels, whereas the putative BTX receptor is within segment S6 in domain I. In this study, we created BTX-resistant muscle Na⁺ channels at segment I-S6 (μ1-N434K, μ1-L437K) to test whether these residues modulate LA binding. These mutant channels were expressed in transiently transfected human embryonic kidney 293T cells, and their sensitivity to lidocaine, QX-314, etidocaine, and benzocaine was assayed under whole-cell, voltage-clamp conditions. Our results show that LA binding in BTX-resistant μ1 Na⁺ channels was reduced significantly. At −100 mV holding potential, the reduction in LA affinity was maximal for QX-314 (by 17-fold) and much less for neutral benzocaine (by 2-fold). Furthermore, this reduction was residue specific; substitution of positively charged lysine with negatively charged aspartic acid (μ1-N434D) restored or even enhanced the LA affinity. We conclude that μ1-N434K and μ1-L437K residues located near the middle of the I-S6 segment of Na⁺ channels can reduce the LA binding affinity without BTX. Thus, this reduction of the LA affinity by point mutations at the BTX binding site is not caused by gating changes induced by BTX alone. We surmise that the BTX receptor and the LA receptor within segments I-S6 and IV-S6, respectively, may align near or within the Na⁺ permeation pathway.