Stoichiometry of Sulfonylurea-Induced ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel Closure

Abstract

Hypoglycemic sulfonylureas (e.g., glibenclamide, glipizide, and tolbutamide) exert their stimulatory effect on excitatory cells by closure of ATP-sensitive potassium (K_ATP) channels. These channels are heteromultimers composed with a 4:4 stoichiometry of an inwardly rectifying K⁺ channel (K_IR) subunit 6.x plus a sulfonylurea receptor (SUR). SUR1/K_IR6.2 reconstitutes the neuronal/pancreatic β-cell channel, whereas SUR2A/K_IR6.2 and SUR2B/K_IR6.1 (or K_IR6.2) are proposed to reconstitute the cardiac and the vascular smooth muscle-type K_ATP channels, respectively. SUR2A and SUR2B are splice variants of a single gene differing only in their C-terminal 42 amino acids. Affinities of sulfonylureas for rat SUR2A, rat or human SUR2B, and a SUR2 chimera containing the C-terminal 42 amino acids of SUR1 did not differ significantly, implying that the C terminus does not form part of the binding pocket. Consistent with these findings, reconstituted SUR2A/K_IR6.2 and SUR2B/K_IR6.2 channels revealed similar sensitivities for glibenclamide and tolbutamide. Dissociation constants of sulfonylureas for SUR2A and SUR2B were 10- to 400-fold higher than for SUR1, however, amazingly the benzoic acid derivative meglitinide did not show lower affinity for SUR2 isoforms. Potencies of glibenclamide, glipizide, tolbutamide, and meglitinide to inhibit activity of SUR1/K_IR6.2 and SUR2B/K_IR6.2 channels were 3- to 6-fold higher than binding affinities of these drugs with concentration-inhibition relations being significantly steeper (Hill coefficients 1.23–1.32) than binding curves (Hill coefficients 0.93–1.06). The data establish that the C terminus of SURs does not affect sulfonylurea affinity and sensitivity. We conclude that occupation of one of the four SUR sites per channel complex is sufficient to induce K_ATP channel closure.