9-(2-Phosphonylmethoxyethyl) Derivatives of Purine Nucleotide Analogs: A Comparison of Their Metabolism and Interaction with Cellular DNA Synthesis

Abstract

Incubation of CEM cells for 24 h with the guanine, 2,6-diaminopurine, and adenine nucleotide analogs of the 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) series, 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)guanine (PMEG), 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)-2,6-diaminopurine (PMEDAP), and 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA), was found to inhibit DNA synthesis 50% at concentrations of 1, 6, and 25 μM, respectively. Possible reasons for the marked differences were investigated, including cellular transport of the analogs, different efficiencies of intracellular phosphorylation, differential effects on 2′-deoxynucleotide (dNTP) pools, and differences in the affinities of the cellular DNA polymerases for the diphosphate derivatives of the drugs. No significant differences in cellular uptake were found among the analogs; however, they did differ in the efficiency of phosphorylation, i.e., CEM cells were found to accumulate higher levels of PMEG-diphosphate (PMEGpp) than PMEDAP-diphosphate (PMEDAPpp) or PMEA-diphosphate (PMEApp). Treatment of cells with any of the nucleotide analogs resulted in increased dNTP pools, with PMEG producing the greatest increase. All three analogs had the greatest effect on the dATP pool size, whereas the dGTP pool size was not significantly affected. Comparison of the ratios of nucleotide analog diphosphates to their corresponding dNTPs under conditions where DNA synthesis is inhibited 50% suggested that cellular DNA polymerases were approximately twice as sensitive to PMEGpp than to PMEDAPpp and 5-fold more sensitive to PMEGpp than to PMEApp. Consistent with this hypothesis, examination of the efficiencies with which the replicative DNA polymerases α, δ, and ε incorporated the analogs showed that DNA polymerase δ, the most sensitive of the DNA polymerases, incorporated PMEGpp twice as efficiently as PMEDAPpp and 7-fold more efficiently than PMEApp.