Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Stable Complexes of Echistatin and RGD-Dependent Integrins: A Novel Approach to Study Integrins

Abstract

This study shows that disintegrins, echistatin as a model, can be used as a radiolabeled probe to simultaneously detect the presence of individual RGD-dependent integrins on cardiac fibroblasts. Binding of¹²⁵I-echistatin to fibroblasts was proportional to cell number, time dependent, reversible, saturable, specific, and membrane bound. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiograms revealed that ¹²⁵I-echistatin was associated with three radioactive protein bands of 180, 210, and 220 kDa that were identified by RGD affinity chromatography, immunoblotting, and immunoneutralization as α_vβ₃, α₃β₁/α₅β₁/α_vβ₁, and α₈β₁ heterodimeric integrins, respectively. These results suggest that echistatin binds to RGD-dependent integrins, forming SDS-stable complexes in the absence of chemical cross-linkers, reducing conditions and heating. As assessed by radioligand-binding filtration, disintegrins displayed binding characteristics with an IC₅₀ ranging from 0.044 to 1.1 nM, but with slope factors lower than 1, indicating the presence of several binding sites. Resolved by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to reveal echistatin-integrin complexes, disintegrins and RGD peptides displayed different binding affinities to individual RGD-dependent integrins present on cardiac fibroblasts. Elegantin and flavostatin demonstrated the highest affinity toward integrins, whereas flavoridin and acPenRGDC had a greater specificity toward α_vβ₃-integrin. In summary, echistatin forms SDS-stable complexes with RGD-dependent integrins. This model offers a novel way to visualize RGD-dependent integrins, to investigate their activation state, and to determine the integrin specificity of RGD peptides.