Site-Directed Mutagenesis of the Gerbil and Human Angiotensin II AT₁ Receptors Identifies Amino Acid Residues Attributable to the Binding Affinity for the Nonpeptidic Antagonist Losartan

Abstract

Gerbil angiotensin II AT₁ receptors have more than 90% amino acid sequence homology with human AT₁ receptors and similar affinity for the natural peptide agonist angiotensin II. However, their binding affinity for the biphenylimidazole AT₁ receptor antagonist losartan is greatly reduced compared with the hAT₁ receptor (400 times lower for the gAT_1A receptor and 40 times lower for the gAT_1Breceptor cloned here). Gain- and loss-of-function site-directed mutagenesis revealed that in gerbil and human AT₁receptors, the amino acid most important for losartan binding is located in position 108, followed by 107, both in transmembrane (TM) III. In both gerbil and human AT₁ receptors, the effect of G107S and I108V mutants is cumulative. Mutation L195M in TM V is very important, when combined with mutations G107S and I108V, for both gerbil and human AT₁ receptors. In the gerbil, less important amino acids are located in positions 150/151 (TM IV) and 177 in the extracellular loop 2. The study of gerbil natural mutants allowed us to advance our understanding of amino acids selectively involved in the determination of antagonist affinity for gerbil and, most importantly, for human angiotensin II AT₁ receptors.