Abstract
FP prostanoid receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors whose physiological activator is prostaglandin-F2α (PGF2α). PGF2α has been implicated in wound healing and cardiac hypertrophy, which are both known to involve the induction of the immediate-early response gene, early growth response factor-1 (EGR-1). We hypothesized that activation of the human FP receptor by PGF2α could induce the expression of EGR-1 and found that 1 μM PGF2α produced a time-dependent induction of both mRNA and protein expression for EGR-1. This FP receptor-mediated induction of EGR-1 expression involved activation of the small GTPase Ras followed by activation of C-Raf and the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinases 1 and 2 (MEK1/2). Thus, induction of EGR-1 expression by PGF2α was blocked using dominant-negative constructs of Ras and C-Raf and the Raf kinase inhibitor 4-(4-(3-(4-chloro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)ureido)phenoxy)-pyridine-2-carboxyllic acid methyamide-4-methylbenzenesulfonate (BAY43-9006). Likewise, the MEK1/2 inhibitor 2′-amino-3′-methoxyflavone (PD98059) blocked the induction of EGR-1 expression by PGF2α. FP receptor stimulation by PGF2α induced the phosphorylation of C-Raf, MEK1/2, and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, consistent with the activation of a MAP kinase signaling cascade. PGF2α was also found to induce the expression of EGR-1 in rat cardiomyocytes through the activation of endogenous FP receptors. This induction of EGR-1 expression in cardiomyocytes also involved the activation of Raf and MAP kinase signaling and was dependent on the activation of protein kinase C. This is the first report to show the regulation of EGR-1 expression after PGF2α activation of FP receptors and suggests that this could be an early event involved in wound healing and cardiac hypertrophy.
Footnotes
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Financial support for this work was provided to J.W.R. by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (EY11291) and by Allergan Inc., and to Q.M.C. by the NIH (ES010826 and HL076530). Portions of this work were also supported by NIH grants to the Arizona Cancer Center Genomics Facility Core (P30-CA23074 and ES06694).
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ABBREVIATIONS: PGF2α, prostaglandin F2α; GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor; EGR-1, early growth response factor-1; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; COX, cyclooxygenase; MAP, mitogen-activated protein; HEK, human embryonic kidney; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; PKC, protein kinase C; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PP2, 4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine; FBS, fetal bovine serum; BIM I, bisindolylmaleimide I; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; DN, dominant negative; PD98059, 2′-amino-3′-methoxyflavone; BAY43-9006, 4-(4-(3-(4-chloro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)ureido)phenoxy)pyridine-2-carboxyllic acid methyamide-4-methylbenzenesulfonate; AL8810; 9α, 15R-dihydroxy-11β-fluoro-15-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl)16,17,18,19,20-pentanorprosta-5Z, 13E-dien-1-oic acid isopropyl ester.
- Received June 5, 2007.
- Accepted October 2, 2007.
- The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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