Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the discovery of novel selective agonists of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (mAChR). One mechanism invoked to account for the selectivity of such agents is that they interact with allosteric sites. We investigated the molecular pharmacology of two such agonists, 1-[3-(4-butyl-1-piperidinyl)propyl]-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone (77-LH-28-1) and 4-n-butyl-1-[4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl] piperidine hydrogen chloride (AC-42), at the wild-type M1 mAChR and three mutant M1 mAChRs. Both agonists inhibited the binding of the orthosteric antagonist [3H]N-methyl scopolamine ([3H]NMS) in a manner consistent with orthosteric competition or high negative cooperativity. Functional interaction studies between 77-LH-28-1 and ACh also indicated a competitive mechanism. Dissociation kinetics assays revealed that the agonists could bind allosterically when the orthosteric site was prelabeled with [3H]NMS and that 77-LH-28-1 competed with the prototypical allosteric modulator heptane-1,7-bis-[dimethyl-3′-phthalimidopropyl]-ammonium bromide under these conditions. Mutation of the key orthosteric site residues Y381A (transmembrane helix 6) and W101A (transmembrane helix 3) reduced the affinity of prototypical orthosteric agonists but increased the affinity of the novel agonists. Divergent effects were also noted on agonist signaling efficacies at these mutants. We identified a novel mutation, F77I (transmembrane helix 2), which selectively reduced the efficacy of the novel agonists in mediating intracellular Ca2+ elevation and phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2. Molecular modeling suggested a possible “bitopic” binding mode, whereby the agonists extend down into the orthosteric site as well as up toward extracellular receptor regions associated with an allosteric site. It is possible that this bitopic mode may explain the pharmacology of other selective mAChR agonists.
Footnotes
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This work was funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia [Program Grant 519461]. A.C. is a Senior Research Fellow of the NHMRC, and P.S. is a Principal Research Fellow of the NHMRC.
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Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org.
doi:10.1124/mol.110.064345.
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ABBREVIATIONS:
- mAChR
- muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
- C7/3-phth
- heptane-1,7-bis-[dimethyl-3′-phthalimidopropyl]-ammonium bromide
- AC-42
- 4-n-butyl-1-[4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl] piperidine hydrogen chloride
- NMS
- N-methylscopolamine
- TM
- transmembrane domain
- McN-A-343
- 4-I-[3-chlorophenyl]carbamoyloxy)-2-butynyltrimethylammnonium chloride
- 77-LH-28-1
- 1-[3-(4-butyl-1-piperidinyl)propyl]-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone
- CHO
- Chinese hamster ovary
- FBS
- fetal bovine serum
- ERK
- extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- QNB
- quinuclidinyl benzilate
- WT
- wild type
- pERK1/2
- phosphorylated ERK1/2.
- Received February 23, 2010.
- Accepted April 21, 2010.
- Copyright © 2010 The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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