PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Hongzu Ren
AU  - Gary L. Stiles
TI  - A Single-Stranded DNA Binding Site in the Human A<sub>1</sub> Adenosine Receptor Gene Promoter
AID  - 10.1124/mol.53.1.43
DP  - 1998 Jan 01
TA  - Molecular Pharmacology
PG  - 43--51
VI  - 53
IP  - 1
4099  - http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/53/1/43.short
4100  - http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/53/1/43.full
SO  - Mol Pharmacol1998 Jan 01; 53
AB  - Human A1 adenosine receptor gene expression is controlled by two independent promoters. The upstream promoter, promoter A, is subject to tissue specific regulation because not all cells express the mRNA associated with this promoter. One potential regulatory sequence located downstream of the TATA box is an AGG element appearing in a tandem repeat. In a previous study, transient transfection assays showed that mutations made in those AGG elements substantially reduced promoter activity. In the current study, DNase I footprinting indicated nuclear protein binding to this sequence between the TATA box and transcriptional start site. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirmed further the presence of an AGG element binding protein (AGBP) in human brain nuclear protein extracts. This binding protein has much higher affinity for single-stranded than for double-stranded DNA, and the binding is sequence specific. A series of assays also showed that AGBP is not related to the nuclear factor SP1 and the binding does not require metal cofactors. Therefore, AGBP is likely to be a specific single-stranded DNA binding protein that is required for the full expression of A1 adenosine receptor gene and particularly abundant in brain tissue.