TY - JOUR T1 - Fast and Slow Repriming of Voltage-Gated Na<sup>+</sup> Channels by Lidocaine JF - Molecular Pharmacology JO - Mol Pharmacol DO - 10.1124/mol.115.099580 SP - mol.115.099580 AU - Vaibhavkumar S. Gawali AU - Peter Lukacs AU - Rene Cervenka AU - Xaver Koenig AU - Lena Rubi AU - Karlheinz Hilber AU - Walter Sandtner AU - Hannes Todt Y1 - 2015/01/01 UR - http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/early/2015/09/10/mol.115.099580.abstract N2 - The clinically important suppression of high-frequency discharges of excitable cells by local anesthetics (LA) is largely determined by drug-induced prolongation of the time course of repriming (recovery from inactivation) of voltage-gated Na+ channels. This prolongation may result from periodic drug-binding to a high-affinity binding site during the action potentials and subsequent slow dissociation from the site between action potentials ("dissociation hypothesis"). For many drugs the fast inactivated state has been suggested to represent the high-affinity binding state. Alternatively, LAs may bind with high affinity to a native slow inactivated state, thereby accelerating the development of this state during action potentials ("stabilization hypothesis"). In this case, slow recovery between APs occurs from enhanced native slow inactivation. In order to test these two hypotheses we produced serial cysteine mutations of the domain IV S6 segment in rNav1.4 which resulted in constructs that had varying propensities to enter fast and slow inactivated states. We tested the effect of the LA lidocaine on the time course of recovery from short and long depolarizing prepulses which, under drug-free conditions, recruited mainly fast and slow inactivated states, respectively. Among the tested constructs the mutation-induced changes in native slow recovery induced by long depolarizations were not correlated with the respective lidocaine-induced slow recovery after short depolarizations. On the other hand, for long depolarizations the mutation-induced alterations in native slow recovery were significantly correlated with the kinetics of lidocaine-induced slow recovery. These results favor the "dissociation hypothesis" for short depolarizations but the "stabilization hypothesis" for long depolarizations. ER -