GRK and arrestin knockout mice phenotypes and target GPCRs
| GRK | Target GPCR | Phenotype | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| GRK1 | Rhodopsin | Prolonged response of retinal cells to light | Lyubarsky et al. (2000) |
| Light-dependent retinal degeneration | Chen et al. (1999) | ||
| GRK2 | Unknown | Embryonic lethality; hypoplasia of myocardium | Jaber et al. (1996) |
| GRK2(−/+) | β1/β2-AR | Enhanced cardiac contractility to isoproterenol | Rockman et al. (1998) |
| GRK3 | Odorant receptor | Olfactory supersensitivity | Peppel et al. (1997) |
| Muscarinic | Enhanced airway response to methacholine | Walker et al. (1999) | |
| GRK5 | M2 muscarinic | Enhanced hypothermia, hypoactivity, central cholinergic supersensitivity | Gainetdinov et al. (1999) |
| D1dopamine | None | Gainetdinov et al. (1999) | |
| 5-HT1A | None | Gainetdinov et al. (1999) | |
| CXCR4 | None | Fong et al. (2002) | |
| GRK6 | CXCR4 | Impaired lymphocyte chemotaxis | Fong et al. (2002) |
| Arrestin | Rhodopsin | Prolonged photoresponse in rods of retina | Xu et al. (1997) |
| β-Arrestin 1 | β1/β2-AR | Enhanced contractility in response to isoproterenol | Conner et al. (1997) |
| β-Arrestin 2 | μ-Opioid | Potentiation and prolongation of morphine-induced analgesia | Bohn et al. (1999) |
| Impaired development of morphine-induced tolerance | Bohn et al. (2000) | ||
| CXCR4 | Impaired lymphocyte chemotaxis | Fong et al. (2002) |
It is important to note that the phenotype of the knockout animals have been tested only by the stimulation of the listed GPCRs. The number of other GPCRs affected by the GRK and arrestin gene deletions is unknown. No phenotype indicates that stimulation of the listed GPCR was carried out and the response was not different from wild type animals.
5-HT1A, 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor.