Retinoids induce PPARγ, C/EBPβ, and some macrophage-associated genes but do not induce monocyte/macrophage development per se
Affymetrix GeneChip analysis was carried out from AM580 (100 nM)-treated THP-1 cells. After 96 hours of treatment, total RNA was extracted and labeled as described under Materials and Methods. The fold changes in PPAR and C/EBP mRNAs, in the induction of CD markers, and in genes from Gene Ontology database associated with macrophages are shown in the table. Genes with inductions of at least 2-fold are shown in bold.
| Gene Name | Fold Change |
|---|---|
| PPARs | |
| PPAR α | 0.714 |
| PPAR γ | 6.862 |
| PPAR δ | 1.561 |
| C/EBPs | |
| C/EBP α | 1.105 |
| C/EBP β | 3.005 |
| C/EBP γ | 1.296 |
| C/EBP δ | 0.932 |
| C/EBP ϵ | Absent |
| C/EBP ζ | 0.721 |
| CD markers | |
| CD14 | 121.943 |
| CD1D | 5.161 |
| CD209 | 4.334 |
| CD36 | 7.369 |
| CD74 | 2.656 |
| CD86 | 2.620 |
| CDW52 | 4.379 |
| CDW92 | 3.799 |
| CD163 | Absent |
| CD164 | 1.323 |
| CD164L1 | 0.783 |
| CD1A | Absent |
| CD1B | Absent |
| CD1C | Absent |
| CD1E | Absent |
| CD209L | 0.862 |
| CD33 | 0.686 |
| CD48 | Absent |
| CD63 | 1.092 |
| CD68 | 1.172 |
| CD69 | Absent |
| CD84 | 1.113 |
| Macrophage-associated genes | |
| COL8A1 | 2.236 |
| CSF1 | 2.308 |
| CSF1R | 3.409 |
| CSF2RA | 3.324 |
| IL18 | 2.220 |
| IL31RA | 124.907 |
| ITGAM | 5.084 |
| ITGB2 | 4.593 |
| MPEG1 | 8.584 |
| SLAMF8 | 6.755 |
| TLR4 | 2.014 |
| AZU1 | 1.076 |
| CCL15 | Absent |
| CCL23 | 1.096 |
| CD80 | 1.321 |
| CES1 | 0.815 |
| CKLF | 0.772 |
| CLECSF14 | 1.346 |
| CNR2 | Absent |
| CSF2 | 1.438 |
| ELA2 | 0.503 |
| IL31RA | Absent |
| INHA | 1.431 |
| INHBA | Absent |
| LOC221938 | Absent |
| MAEA | 0.695 |
| Magmas | 0.847 |
| MARCO | Absent |
| MIF | 0.544 |
| MMD | 1.258 |
| MMP12 | 0.837 |
| MMRP19 | 1.327 |
| MSR1 | Absent |
| MST1 | Absent |
| NOS2A | Absent |
| PTPNS1 | 1.147 |
| SAA2 | Absent |
| SCARA3 | Absent |
| SFTPD | Absent |
| TLR6 | Absent |
| ZBP1 | Absent |