TABLE 1

Bias factors for ligands at the β2AR

The column “Bias” denotes whether a statistically significant difference in bias compared to the reference balanced agonist epinephrine is present (either toward G protein or β-arrestin), whereas “Non” denotes an insignificant difference from the balanced agonist.

Ligand	Equiactive			Operational Model
Ligand	β	S.E.M._β	Bias	σ_cAMP	S.E.M._σcAMP	σ_βarr	S.E.M._σβarr	β	S.E.M._β	Bias
Isoproterenol	−0.310	0.152	Non	1.196	0.129	1.500	0.052	−0.215	0.137	Non
Epinephrine	0.0	0.153	Non	0.0	0.128	0.000	0.044	0.0	0.136	Non
Dobutamine	−0.585	0.260	Non	−1.285	0.125	−1.603	0.247	0.225	0.218	Non
Dichloroisoproterenol	−1.976	0.454	βarr	−2.714	0.114	−2.071	0.360	−0.454	0.284	Non
Fenoterol	−0.267	0.196	Non	0.287	0.129	0.445	0.048	−0.112	0.137	Non
Salbutamol	−0.145	0.203	Non	−0.557	0.123	−0.610	0.045	0.038	0.133	Non
Norepinephrine	−0.490	0.227	Non	−0.993	0.127	−0.730	0.064	−0.186	0.139	Non
Formoterol	−0.982	0.153	βarr	−0.475	0.129	0.812	0.051	−0.910	0.137	βarr
Clenbuterol	−0.725	0.220	Non	−0.944	0.126	−0.899	0.046	−0.32	0.135	Non
Salmeterol	−1.380	0.186	βarr	−1.891	0.107	−0.970	0.045	−0.651	0.126	βarr
Pindolol	−1.757	0.559	βarr	−3.258	0.134	−2.571	0.721	−0.486	0.528	Non

β, bias factor; σ, effective signaling.