Research ArticlesNegligible excretion of unchanged ketoprofen, naproxen, and probenecid in urine
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Occurrence, sources and environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey
2022, Science of the Total EnvironmentCitation Excerpt :This is attributed to the rapid degradation of diclofenac and ketoprofen by photodegradation and biodegradation (Andreozzi et al., 2003; Baena-Nogueras et al., 2017; Koumaki et al., 2015; Matamoros et al., 2008; Osorio et al., 2012; Yamamoto et al., 2009). Naproxen is known to be excreted unchanged at 60% in the human urine (Upton et al., 1980) and is relatively persistent in the receiving environment (Kosjek et al., 2005). The lower concentration of naproxen, on the other hand, may contribute to its high biodegradability, which might be regarded as a possible drug removal route (Eslami et al., 2015; Tixier et al., 2003a).
A Retrospective Biopharmaceutical Analysis of >800 Approved Oral Drug Products: Are Drug Properties of Solid Dispersions and Lipid-Based Formulations Distinctive?
2020, Journal of Pharmaceutical SciencesCitation Excerpt :A significantly lower percentage of both LBF and SD drugs were excreted in urine compared to the Others dataset. This is not unexpected as drugs excreted in the urine unchanged are typically highly water soluble whereas PWSDs require metabolism into metabolites which are likely more polar and readily excreted.86 However, a range of factors may influence the predictive ability of this property, including need for a bioavailability factor for orally delivered drugs coupled with the fact that that certain drugs or active metabolites may be excreted unchanged in bile not urine.49
Occurrence, fate and transformation of emerging contaminants in water: An overarching review of the field
2017, Environmental PollutionExploiting monitoring data in environmental exposure modelling and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals
2014, Environment InternationalMethods for elucidation of transformation pathways: Identification of intermediate products, chiral, and isotope-ratio mass spectrometry analysis
2013, Comprehensive Analytical ChemistryCitation Excerpt :With respect to the transformation processes of drugs, metabolism in the human body commonly produces one or more metabolites that, for the sake of excretability, exhibit higher polarity than the parent compound. Depending on the pharmaceutical, metabolites can make up a large fraction in the mass balance of an administered drug upon excretion, and on the other hand, some drugs are for less amenable to metabolic clearance but are excreted unchanged [5,6]. Then, human pharmaceuticals enter wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) where biodegradation processes can bring about mineralization or more frequently partial degradation, leading to structurally related compounds referred to as transformation products (TPs) [7].