Regular ArticleExpression and Functional Characterization of Mutant Human CXCR4 in Insect Cells: Role of Cysteinyl and Negatively Charged Residues in Ligand Binding
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2022, International ImmunopharmacologyCitation Excerpt :The extracellular side comprises 34 N-terminal residues, extracellular loop 1 (ECL-1) linking helices II and III, ECL-2 linking helices IV and V, and ECL3 linking helices VI and VII. Two disulfide bonds at the extracellular are essential for ligand binding [22]. The intracellular side of CXCR4 comprises intracellular loop-1 (ICL-1) linking helices I and II, ICL-2 linking helices III and IV, and ICL-3 linking helices V and VI, and the C-terminus [23].
Allosteric modulation of the chemokine receptor-chemokine CXCR4-CXCL12 complex by tyrosine sulfation
2022, International Journal of Biological MacromoleculesCitation Excerpt :At the CRS1.5 site, the residue 30RN-term that has been reported to play important role in receptor activity was observed in both networks [31]. Similarly, at the CRS2 site, several residues that were previously reported to have a functional significance (94W2.60, 288E7.39, 259I6.55, 200Q5.39, 262D6.58, 277E7.28, 281H7.32) [59,61–64] were observed in both networks. Several CXCR4-CXCL12 interactions have also been reported previously from experimental studies.
Mutational analysis of atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3/CXCR7) interaction with its chemokine ligands CXCL11 and CXCL12
2017, Journal of Biological ChemistryCitation Excerpt :In G protein-coupled receptors, a conserved disulfide bridge links extracellular loops 1 and 2 (ECL1 and ECL2); in chemokine receptors, an additional conserved disulfide bridge links the receptor N-terminal to the base of ECL3 to form the so-called ECL4 pseudoloop (18). This ECL4-forming disulfide bridge is essential for CXCR4 ligand binding and activation (19, 20). ACKR3 has three cysteine residues in its N terminus, Cys-21, Cys-26, and Cys-34; based on sequence alignments, either Cys-21 or Cys-34 has been predicted to form ECL4 with Cys-2877.25 in ECL3 (18, 21) (residue numbering follows the Ballesteros-Weinstein scheme; Ref. 22); it is unknown whether the potential additional disulfide bridge between the remaining two N-terminal cysteines is of functional relevance.
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