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Targeting leukocyte migration and adhesion in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis

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Abstract

Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are two chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. Current biologic therapies are limited to blocking tumor necrosis factor alpha. However, some patients are primary non-responders, experience a loss of response, intolerance or side effects defining the urgent unmet need for novel treatments. The rapid recruitment and inappropriate retention of leukocytes is a hallmark of chronic inflammation and a potentially promising therapeutic target. We discuss the immunological mechanisms of leukocyte homing and adhesion in the gut mucosa. The interaction of lymphocytes (CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells, TREG, TH1, TH17, B-cells), monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and granulocytes with endothelial and epithelial cells through integrins [α4β7 (LPAM-1), αEβ7 (HML1 Human Mucosal Lymphocyte Antigen 1), α4β1 (VLA-4), αLβ7, (LFA-1)] and their ligands immunoglobulin superfamily cellular adhesion molecules (CAM) (MAdCAM-1 Mucosal Addressin Cellular Adhesion Molecule 1, ICAM-1 Intercellular Cell Adhesion Molecule, VCAM-1 Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule), fibronectin as well as chemokine receptors (CCR2, CCR4, CCR5, CCR7, CCR9, CCR10, CXCR3, CX3CR1) and chemokines [CCL5, CCL25 (TECK Thymus Expressed Chemokine), CCL28, CX3CL1, CXCL10, CXCL12] in the process of gut homing is critically reviewed and summarized in scientific cartoons. Moreover, we discuss the clinical trial results of approved and investigational antibodies and small molecules including natalizumab (anti-α4, Tysabri®, Antegren®), AJM300 (anti-α4), etrolizumab (anti-β7, rhuMAb-Beta7), vedolizumab (anti-α4β7, LDP-02, MLN-02, MLN0002), PF-00547659 (anti-MAdCAM), Alicaforsen (anti-ICAM-1), and CCX282-B (anti-CCR9, GSK-1605786, Traficet-EN™) and their risks such as PML reported for natalizumab. Hopefully, the newer gut specific drug designs discussed in this article will have an impact on both efficacy and safety.

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Abbreviations

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

IBD:

Inflammatory bowel disease

UC:

Ulcerative colitis

CD:

Crohn’s disease

DC:

Dendritic cell(s)

T-cell(s):

T-lymphocytes

CNS:

Central nervous system

IEL(s):

Intraepithelial lymphocytes

LP:

Lamina propria

HEV:

High endothelial venule

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Thomas, S., Baumgart, D.C. Targeting leukocyte migration and adhesion in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Inflammopharmacol 20, 1–18 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-011-0104-6

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