Trends in Neurosciences
ReviewCoexistence of peptides and classical neurotransmitters
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Cited by (474)
An updated reappraisal of synapsins: structure, function and role in neurological and psychiatric disorders
2021, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral ReviewsCitation Excerpt :In the CNS, all nerve terminals express at least one Syn isoform (De Camilli et al., 1983a). Few studies have demonstrated that Syn I associate with the cytoplasmatic surface of small SVs, containing small non-peptide molecules (classical NT) and peptides (De Camilli et al., 1983b; Hokfelt et al., 1987; Huttner et al., 1983; Lundberg and Hokfelt, 1983). Studies on developing hippocampal neurons in culture have shown that Syn I and II levels exhibit a time-dependent increase at presynaptic terminals (Ferreira et al., 2000; Fletcher et al., 1991).
Hypothalamic stress systems in mood disorders
2021, Handbook of Clinical NeurologyCitation Excerpt :An important difference is that central neuropeptide secretion, in contrast to biogenic amines, occurs only on demand, i.e., at higher firing rates, which results in different release dynamics. This important finding by Lundberg and Hökfelt (1983) indicates that neuropeptide release requires high-frequency activity, while at low or normal frequency neuropeptides are not released and that is why neuropeptide receptor antagonists have no effect in these circumstances. In contrast, biogenic amines are released after low stimulation, causing rapid and short-lasting effects, which is notable because neuropeptides and biogenic amines often coexist in the same neuron (Hökfelt, 1991).
Neuropeptide modulation of addiction: Focus on galanin
2020, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral ReviewsCitation Excerpt :Neuropeptides act primarily through G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to stimulate a variety of intracellular signalling cascades, leading to the main effects of altering membrane excitability, gene expression, receptor affinity and neurotransmitter release (Sudhof, 2008). As such, neuropeptides typically co-exist with classical neurotransmitters (Lang et al., 2015; Lundberg and Hökfelt, 1983), including dopamine (DA) in the hypothalamus (HYP), noradrenaline (NA) in the locus coeruleus (LC), and serotonin (5-HT) in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Through interactions with these neurotransmitters, neuropeptides play a vital role in the modulation of many innate behaviours, such as arousal, sleep, emotion, and motivation (Iversen et al., 2009; Ma et al., 2018).
The use of multiple neurotransmitters at synapses
2019, Synaptic TransmissionRole of dorsal hippocampus κ opioid receptors in contextual aversive memory consolidation in rats
2018, NeuropharmacologyCitation Excerpt :We found that κORs antagonism in the DH has no effect on freezing behavior expression in tests A and B following a weak CAC. Noteworthy, the weak conditioning protocol used here was sufficient to induce a memory trace because the yohimbine systemic administration, which indirectly enhances the brain noradrenergic activity, increased freezing time in test A. Unlike classical neurotransmitters, (e.g. norepinephrine and glutamate) which are easily released following neuronal stimulation (Roesler et al., 2005), the endogenous opioids like dynorphin are only released after higher frequencies of neuronal stimulation (Lundberg and Hokfelt, 1983; Iverfeldt et al., 1989; Drake et al., 1994). This event was strongly related to the possible inhibitory mechanism on glutamate release played by κORs activation (Wagner et al., 1992).
Neuropeptide Y not involved in cutaneous vascular control in young human females taking oral contraceptive hormones
2017, Microvascular ResearchCitation Excerpt :The initial vasodilatation appears to be dependent on local neural mechanisms involving noradrenaline (NA) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) as well as sensory nerves (Hodges and Sparks, 2013; Minson et al., 2001; Tew et al., 2011; Wong and Fieger, 2010; Wong and Fieger, 2012); while the secondary, sustained vasodilatation is primarily mediated by the local generation of endothelial-derived nitric oxide (NO) (Hodges and Sparks, 2013; Kellogg et al., 1999; Kellogg et al., 2008a). Historically, noradrenaline (NA) was thought to be released from small dense-core vesicles at lower nerve activity, while NPY was released from large dense-core vesicles at higher neuronal stimulation (Lundberg et al., 1994; Lundberg and Hokfelt, 1983). As such, NA has been hypothesized as the primary neurotransmitter responsible for maintaining basal (i.e. resting) vasomotor tone, and NPY was believed to be released only under periods of high stress (Kelly, 1993; Lundberg et al., 1994).
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Jan M. Lundberg and Tomas Hökfelt are at the Departments of Pharmacology and Histology, Karolinska Institutet, S-104 01 Stockholm, Sweden.