Original ArticleElectroconvulsive Seizures Stimulate Glial Proliferation and Reduce Expression of Sprouty2 within the Prefrontal Cortex of Rats
Section snippets
Rats, ECS and BrdU Procedures
A total of 10 Male Sprague–Dawley rats (Charles River Labs, Wilmington, Massachusetts) weighing 150–200 g at the beginning of the study were used, and they were housed in groups of 3-4 under standard conditions with free access to food and water. Experiments were conducted in accordance with the 1996 Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Institute of Health), as well as McLean Hospital policies.
ECS-treated rats (n = 5) were administered seizures once daily for 10 days in
Results
When ILPFC volume and all cell counts were analyzed together, there was a significant overall effect of ECS treatment (F(1,10) = 4.769, p < .05). There were no significant differences between hemispheres (F(1,10) = .217, ns), so data from both hemispheres were averaged and the mean values were used in subsequent analyses.
Discussion
ECS stimulates cellular proliferation in the medial prefrontal cortex, a region with impaired cellular plasticity in mood disorders. We observed a three-fold increase in the number of new (i.e., BrdU-immunoreactive) cells produced at the time of ECS as well as proliferating (PCNA-labeled) cells four weeks following the end of ECS. We also found that a higher percentage of newly born cells express NG2, a marker for oligodendrocyte precursor cells (Levine et al. 2001); there was a trend towards
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2022, Psychiatry ResearchCitation Excerpt :By using different ECS parameters and examination methods, almost all studies showed consistent results that both acute and repeated ECS (3–11 sessions) increased the number of BrdU-positive cells from day 3 onwards after ECS treatment (Table 2). Upregulated cell proliferation has been observed in the hippocampus (Balu et al., 2009; Chang et al., 2018; Joakim et al., 2008; Keiko et al., 2013; Kronenberg et al., 2018; Malberg et al., 2000; Olesen et al., 2015; Warner-Schmidt et al., 2008; Schloesser et al., 2015; Scott et al., 2000; Ueno et al., 2019; Warner-Schmidt et al., 2008; Yanpallewar et al., 2012; Yao et al., 2015), amygdala (Wennström et al., 2004), frontal brain areas (Dragos et al., 2013; Madsen et al., 2005; Öngür et al., 2007), and hypothalamus (Jansson et al., 2006). The newly born cells are mainly neurons in the hippocampus and oligodendrocytes or endothelial cells in the medial prefrontal cortex (Madsen et al., 2000, 2005).
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2017, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral ReviewsCitation Excerpt :Such tDCS-induced metaplastic changes (increased neuronal excitability after anodal stimulation) had been noted before in human and animal studies (Liebetanz et al., 2002) while the major involvement of glia was a novel find. Some of the effects of ECT, tDCS and TMS may be due to an increase in glial number, since at least ECT has been shown to induce proliferation of glial cells expressing NG2 or oligodendrocyte markers in rat PFC (Madsen et al., 2005; Ongur et al., 2007), and NG2 or OX-42 microglial markers in amygdala (Wennstrom et al., 2004) and hippocampus (Wennstrom et al., 2003). However, cellular proliferation does not necessarily guarantee long-term survival of the new cells, which also depends on environmental factors.
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