Abstract
Anticancer drugs can potentially kill cells in two fundamentally different ways, by interfering with cellular processes that are essential for maintenance of viability or by triggering an endogenous physiological cell death mechanism. Apoptosis is a form of physiological cell death mediated by caspases, a unique family of intracellular cysteine proteases. Zymogen forms of these proteases are found in virtually all somatic cells, but remain latent until their activation is induced by ligation of specific cell surface receptors (the so-called ‘death receptors’), by mitochondrial alterations that allow release of cytochrome c and other intermembrane components, or possibly by other mechanisms. Most anticancer drugs activate the mitochondrial pathway. This apoptotic pathway is regulated by pro- and antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. Once activated, certain caspases might also be controlled by the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. Alterations in apoptotic pathway components or their regulators have been detected in a variety of cancers, suggesting that loss of the ability of cells to undergo apoptosis might contribute to carcinogenesis. Because cancer therapies such as radiation, glucocorticoids, and chemotherapeutic drugs exert their beneficial effects, at least in part, by inducing apoptosis of cancer cells, the same alterations in apoptotic pathways would be predicted to contribute to resistance. A key issue is whether the direct toxic activity of these treatments is of benefit when neoplastic cells contain changes that diminish their ability to undergo apoptosis.
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge helpful suggestions of Greg Gores, Wei Meng, and Christina Arnt as well as the secretarial assistance of Deb Strauss. Work in our laboratories is supported by grants from the National Cancer Institute (SHK) and Leukemia and Lymphoma Society and Australian National Health and Medical Research Couuncil (DLV). DLV is a Leukemia and Lymphoma Society Scholar.
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Note added in proof: We apologize to the many authors whose most recent work is not cited. Since the submission of this review in August, 2002, there has been considerable progress in understanding the regulation of apoptotic pathways. Interested readers are referred to more timely reviews, including Coultas and Strasser (2003), Newmeyer and Ferguson-Miller (2003) and Nicholson and Thornberry (2003).
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Kaufmann, S., Vaux, D. Alterations in the apoptotic machinery and their potential role in anticancer drug resistance. Oncogene 22, 7414–7430 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1206945
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1206945
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