The clinical importance of benzodiazepines, barbiturates and general anesthetics, all of which act through the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A neurotransmitter receptor, is testament to its significance as a CNS drug target. These drugs were all developed before there was any understanding of the diversity of this receptor gene family. Recent studies using genetically modified mice and GABA-A receptor-subtype-selective compounds have helped to delineate the function of some of these subtypes, and have revealed that it might be possible to develop a new generation of selective drugs with improved profiles or novel applications.