KvAP-based model of the pore region of shaker potassium channel is consistent with cadmium- and ligand-binding experiments

Biophys J. 2005 Aug;89(2):1020-9. doi: 10.1529/biophysj.105.062240. Epub 2005 May 20.

Abstract

Potassium channels play fundamental roles in excitable cells. X-ray structures of bacterial potassium channels show that the pore-lining inner helices obstruct the cytoplasmic entrance to the closed channel KcsA, but diverge in widely open channels MthK and KvAP, suggesting a gating-hinge role for a conserved Gly in the inner helix. A different location of the gating hinge and a narrower open pore were proposed for voltage-gated Shaker potassium channels that have the Pro-473-Val-Pro motif. Two major observations back the proposal: cadmium ions lock mutant Val-476-Cys in the open state by bridging Cys-476 and His-486 in adjacent helices, and cadmium blocks the locked-open double mutant Val-474-Cys/Val-476-Cys by binding to Cys-474 residues. Here we used molecular modeling to show that the open Shaker should be as wide as KvAP to accommodate an open-channel blocker, correolide. We further built KvAP-, MthK-, and KcsA-based models of the Shaker mutants and Monte-Carlo-minimized them with constraints Cys-476-Cd(2+)-His-486. The latter were consistent with the KvAP-based model, causing a small-bend N-terminal to the Pro-473-Val-Pro motif. The constraints significantly distorted the MthK-based structure, making it similar to KvAP. The KcsA structure resisted the constraints. Two Cd(2+) ions easily block the locked-open KvAP-based model at Cys-474 residues, whereas constraining a single cadmium ion to four Cys-474 caused large conformational changes and electrostatic imbalance. Although mutual disposition of the voltage-sensor and pore domains in the KvAP x-ray structure is currently disputed, our results suggest that the pore-region domain retains a nativelike conformation in the crystal.

Publication types

  • Comparative Study
  • Evaluation Study
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Binding Sites
  • Cadmium / chemistry*
  • Cadmium / metabolism
  • Computer Simulation
  • Ion Channel Gating*
  • Ligands
  • Models, Biological
  • Models, Chemical*
  • Models, Molecular*
  • Porosity
  • Potassium Channels / chemistry*
  • Potassium Channels / physiology
  • Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated / chemistry*
  • Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated / physiology
  • Protein Binding
  • Protein Conformation
  • Shaker Superfamily of Potassium Channels
  • Structure-Activity Relationship

Substances

  • Ligands
  • Potassium Channels
  • Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated
  • Shaker Superfamily of Potassium Channels
  • Cadmium