Chemical insights in the concept of hybrid drugs: the antitumor effect of nitric oxide-donating aspirin involves a quinone methide but not nitric oxide nor aspirin

J Med Chem. 2007 May 17;50(10):2424-31. doi: 10.1021/jm061371e. Epub 2007 Apr 19.

Abstract

Hybrid drug 1 (NO-ASA) continues to attract intense research from chemists and biologists alike. It consists of ASA and a -ONO2 group connected through a spacer and is in preclinical development as an antitumor drug. We report that, contrary to current beliefs, neither ASA nor NO contributes to this antitumor effect. Rather, an unsubstituted QM was identified as the sole cytotoxic agent. QM forms from 1 after carboxylic ester hydrolysis and, in accordance with the HSAB theory, selectively reacts with cellular GSH, which in turn triggers cell death. Remarkably, a derivative lacking ASA and the -ONO2 group is 10 times more effective than 1. Thus, our data provide a conclusive molecular mechanism for the antitumor activity of 1. Equally importantly, we show for the first time that a "presumed invisible" linker in a hybrid drug is not so invisible after all and is in fact solely responsible for the biological effect.

MeSH terms

  • Antineoplastic Agents / chemical synthesis
  • Antineoplastic Agents / chemistry
  • Antineoplastic Agents / pharmacology*
  • Apoptosis
  • Aspirin / analogs & derivatives*
  • Aspirin / pharmacology
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
  • Humans
  • Indolequinones / chemical synthesis
  • Indolequinones / chemistry
  • Indolequinones / pharmacology*
  • Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
  • Nitric Oxide / analogs & derivatives*
  • Nitric Oxide / chemical synthesis
  • Nitric Oxide / chemistry
  • Nitric Oxide / pharmacology*
  • Nitric Oxide Donors / chemical synthesis
  • Nitric Oxide Donors / chemistry
  • Nitric Oxide Donors / pharmacology*
  • Structure-Activity Relationship

Substances

  • Antineoplastic Agents
  • Indolequinones
  • Nitric Oxide Donors
  • nitroxy-butyl-acetylsalicylic acid
  • quinone methide
  • Nitric Oxide
  • Aspirin