Abstract
The complexity of cancer has led to recent interest in polypharmacological approaches for developing kinase-inhibitor drugs; however, optimal kinase-inhibition profiles remain difficult to predict. Using a Ret-kinase-driven Drosophila model of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and kinome-wide drug profiling, here we identify that AD57 rescues oncogenic Ret-induced lethality, whereas related Ret inhibitors imparted reduced efficacy and enhanced toxicity. Drosophila genetics and compound profiling defined three pathways accounting for the mechanistic basis of efficacy and dose-limiting toxicity. Inhibition of Ret plus Raf, Src and S6K was required for optimal animal survival, whereas inhibition of the 'anti-target' Tor led to toxicity owing to release of negative feedback. Rational synthetic tailoring to eliminate Tor binding afforded AD80 and AD81, compounds featuring balanced pathway inhibition, improved efficacy and low toxicity in Drosophila and mammalian multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 models. Combining kinase-focused chemistry, kinome-wide profiling and Drosophila genetics provides a powerful systems pharmacology approach towards developing compounds with a maximal therapeutic index.
Publication types
-
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
-
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
MeSH terms
-
Animals
-
Benzenesulfonates / pharmacology
-
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / drug effects
-
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / pathology
-
Disease Models, Animal
-
Drosophila Proteins / antagonists & inhibitors
-
Drosophila Proteins / genetics
-
Drosophila Proteins / metabolism
-
Drosophila melanogaster / drug effects
-
Drosophila melanogaster / genetics
-
Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
-
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
-
Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / antagonists & inhibitors
-
Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / metabolism
-
Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings / adverse effects
-
Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings / chemistry
-
Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings / pharmacology
-
Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings / therapeutic use
-
Humans
-
Male
-
Molecular Targeted Therapy*
-
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2b / drug therapy*
-
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2b / enzymology
-
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2b / genetics*
-
Niacinamide / analogs & derivatives
-
Phenylurea Compounds
-
Polypharmacy*
-
Protein Kinase Inhibitors / adverse effects
-
Protein Kinase Inhibitors / chemistry
-
Protein Kinase Inhibitors / pharmacology
-
Protein Kinase Inhibitors / therapeutic use
-
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret / genetics
-
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret / metabolism
-
Pyridines / pharmacology
-
Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / antagonists & inhibitors
-
Signal Transduction / drug effects
-
Sorafenib
-
Survival Rate
-
Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
-
src-Family Kinases / antagonists & inhibitors
-
src-Family Kinases / metabolism
Substances
-
AD57 compound
-
AD80 compound
-
AD81 compound
-
Benzenesulfonates
-
Drosophila Proteins
-
Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings
-
Phenylurea Compounds
-
Protein Kinase Inhibitors
-
Pyridines
-
Niacinamide
-
Sorafenib
-
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret
-
Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
-
Ret protein, Drosophila
-
tor protein, Drosophila
-
src-Family Kinases
-
Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases