Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) has infected human beings for thousands of years,
but knowledge about the infection and its pathogenesis is only recently emerging. The virus …

Viral tropism is the ability of viruses to enter and infect specific host cells and is based on the
ability of viruses to bind to receptors on those cells. Testing for HIV tropism is recommended …

The use of polymeric surfactants for stabilization of emulsions is described. A brief account
of general classification and description of polymeric surfactants is given. This is followed by …

The distribution, controlling geochemical factors and contamination status of heavy metals
in estuarine sediments near Cua Ong Habor, Ha Long Bay (Vietnam) were investigated. 36 …

Programs that monitor local, national, and regional levels of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance
inform treatment guidelines and provide feedback on the success of HIV-1 treatment and …

Motivation: Genetic analysis of HIV-1 is important not only for vaccine development, but also
to guide treatment strategies, track the emergence of new viral variants and ensure that …

In this study we date the introduction of HIV-2 into the human population and estimate the
epidemic history of HIV-2 subtype A in Guinea-Bissau, the putative geographic origin of HIV-2. …

BackgroundInfection with drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can
impair the response to combination therapy. Widespread transmission of drug-resistant …

This article reports the changes to virus taxonomy approved and ratified by the International
Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) in March 2022. The entire ICTV was invited to …

Background Regional and subtype-specific mutational patterns of HIV-1 transmitted drug
resistance (TDR) are essential for informing first-line antiretroviral (ARV) therapy guidelines …