Photoreceptor chromophore, 11-cis retinal (11CR) and the photoproduct, all-trans retinal (ATR),
are present in the retina at higher concentrations and interact with the visual cells. Non-…

The chemical- and photo- toxicity of chromophore retinal on cells have long been debated.
Although we recently showed that retinal and blue light exposure interrupt cellular signaling, …

Microcystins are cyclic peptide toxins formed by cyanobacteria. These toxins are recognized
for their association with algal blooms, posing a significant threat to ecosystems and …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transmit information to the cell interior by transducing
external signals to heterotrimeric G protein subunits, Gα and Gβγ subunits, localized on the …

Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) deliver external signals to the
cell interior, upon activation by the external signal stimulated G protein-coupled receptors (…

G protein βγ subunit (Gβγ) is a major signal transducer and controls processes ranging from
cell migration to gene transcription. Despite having significant subtype heterogeneity and …

Activation of G-protein heterotrimers by receptors at the plasma membrane stimulates βγ-complex
dissociation from the α-subunit and translocation to internal membranes. This …

Phospholipase C β (PLCβ), which is activated by the Gq family of heterotrimeric G proteins,
hydrolyzes the inner membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), …

Variation in signaling activity across a cell plays a crucial role in processes such as cell
migration. Signaling activity specific to organelles within a cell also likely plays a key role in …

Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate (PIP3) is a plasma membrane-bound signaling
phospholipid involved in many cellular signaling pathways that control crucial cellular …