Melanocortin peptides are reported to antagonize opiate de-pendence and tolerance, but the
neural substrates underlying these actions are unknown. In this study, we characterize the …

Melanocortins and the melanocortin‐4 receptor (MC4‐R) are enriched in the nucleus
accumbens, a brain region that has been implicated in the rewarding action of cocaine and other …

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) are
centrally acting melanocortin peptides with numerous reported functions, including induction …

Previous studies indicate that corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) contributes to the anxiety‐like
and aversive states associated with drug‐induced withdrawal. The present study …

Bacterial infection causes fever, an adaptive but potentially self-destructive response, in the
host. Also activated are counterregulatory systems such as the pituitary–adrenal axis. …

Behavioral and molecular studies have established a link between drugs of abuse and the
central melanocortin system, particularly the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4-R). The present …

The norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitter receptor system is involved in numerous processes
in the nervous system, including vigilance, attention, arousal, memory, neuroendocrine …

In the current study, we investigated the mechanism by which protein kinase C (PKC)
regulates the expression of β 1 -adrenergic receptor (β 1 AR) mRNA in rat C6 glioma cells. …

The detection, location, identification and recognition are very important activities for the air
forces. Imaging systems are tools used for those functions, so it is mandatory to characterize …

The locus coeruleus (LC), the principal noradrenergic nucleus of the brain, and the ventral
tegmentum (VT), part of the mesolimbic dopamine system, have both been implicated in the …