Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β promotes breast cancer metastasis to bone. To determine
whether the osteolytic factor parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is the primary …

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes microbial DNA. We show here that TLR9 protein is
expressed in human breast cancer cells and clinical breast cancer samples. Stimulation of …

Bisphosphonates (BPs), such as clodronate and pamidronate, are inhibitors of bone resorption
and are used on a widespread basis in the treatment of hyper-resorptive bone diseases. …

BACKGROUND Toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes microbial DNA. In addition to immune
cells, TLR9 expression has been detected in various cancer cells. We showed recently that …

Background: Stimulation of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) has been linked to invasion in various
cancer cells in vitro. We investigated TLR9 expression in normal, dysplastic and malignant …

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a cellular DNA receptor of the innate immune system. DNA
recognition via TLR9 results in an inflammatory reaction, which eventually also activates a Th1-…

CD73 is a cell surface ecto-5′-nucleotidase, which converts extracellular adenosine
monophosphate to adenosine. High tumor CD73 expression is associated with poor outcome …

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma are cancers of
high mortality. EAC develops through Barrett’s esophagus (BE) and columnar dysplasia, …

The cytokine receptor gp130 is the common signaling subunit of receptors used by the
interleukin (IL)-6 cytokine family. gp130 is widely expressed in breast cancer cell lines and …

Macrophage-inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) is a divergent member of the transforming growth
factor β superfamily. It is up-regulated by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and is highly …