Four adenosine receptors have been cloned and characterized from several mammalian
species. The receptors are named adenosine A 1 , A 2A , A 2B , and A 3 . The A 2A and A 2B …

Caffeine is the most widely consumed behaviorally active substance in the world. Almost all
caffeine comes from dietary sources (beverages and food), most of it from coffee and tea. …

“Receptors recognize a distinct chemical entity and translate information from that entity into
a form that the cell can read to alter its state”(Kenakin et al., 1992). Even though the …

In the 10 years since our previous International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
report on the nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors, no developments have …

Increasing evidence suggests that antagonistic interactions between specific subtypes of
adenosine and dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia are involved in the motor depressant …

Adenosine is formed inside cells or on their surface, mostly by breakdown of adenine
nucleotides. The formation of adenosine increases in different conditions of stress and distress. …

Adenosine signalling has long been a target for drug development, with adenosine itself or
its derivatives being used clinically since the 1940s. In addition, methylxanthines such as …

… Johansson & BB Fredholm: Long-term caffeine treatment leads to a decreased susceptibility
to NMDA-induced clonic seizures in mice without changes in adenosine A, receptor number…

… ARs were defined in the 1970s, partly based on the ability of methylxanthines such as
theophylline and caVeine to act as antagonists (Fredholm et al., 1994a). The existence of at least …

BB Fredholm and TV Dunwiddie Page 1 BB Fredholm and TV Dunwiddie Adenosine is able
to decrease the release of most neurotransmitters. This is consistent with its general role in …