Abstract

We have investigated the mechanism of action of a series of glutamate derivatives on the cloned excitatory amino acid transporters 1 and 2 (EAAT1 and EAAT2), expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The compounds were tested as substrates and competitive blockers of the glutamate transporters. A number of compounds showed contrasting mechanisms of action on EAAT1 compared with EAAT2. In particular, (2S,4R)-4-methylglutamate and 4-methylene-glutamate were transported by EAAT1, withK _m values of 54 μm and 391 μm, respectively, but potently blocked glutamate transport by EAAT2, withK _b values of 3.4 μm and 39 μm, respectively. Indeed, (2S,4R)-4-methylglutamate is the most potent blocker of EAAT2 yet described. (±)-Threo-3-methylglutamate also potently blocked glutamate transport by EAAT2 (K _b = 18 μm), but was inactive on EAAT1 as either a substrate or a blocker at concentrations up to 300 μm. In contrast to (2S,4R)-4-methylglutamate,l-threo-4-hydroxyglutamate was a substrate for both EAAT1 and EAAT2, with K _m values of 61 μm and 48 μm, respectively. It seems that the chemical nature and also the orientation of the group at the 4-position of the carbon backbone of glutamate is crucial in determining the pharmacological activity. The conformations of these molecules have been modeled to understand the structural differences between, firstly, compounds that are blockers versus substrates of EAAT2 and, secondly, the pharmacological differences between EAAT1 and EAAT2.