Abstract
Mercaptopurine and thioguanine are anticancer and immunosuppressive agents that exert their primary cytotoxic effects via incorporation of deoxythioguanosine (dGs) into DNA, but the precise mechanism(s) by which this causes cytotoxicity remains unknown. We initially determined that the level of dGs incorporation into DNA of human T- and B-lineage leukemia cell lines did not correlate significantly with the extent of cytotoxicity (IC50), except that there was no cytotoxicity in the absence of dGs incorporation. To elucidate biological processes perturbed by dGs incorporation into DNA, we chemically synthesized oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing a single dGs (11 mer and 19 mer), which decreased the melting temperature (Tm) of DNA-DNA duplexes without major structural changes, as evidenced by circular dichroism spectra. Using nuclear extracts from human lymphoblastic leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM, NALM6, and Molt4), we documented that dGsincorporation into the DNA strand of DNA-RNA heteroduplexes significantly inhibited human RNase H-catalyzed RNA cleavage (80–90% inhibition) and that a similar inhibition was evident with bacterial RNase H. These data provide the first evidence that thiopurines inhibit the function of RNase H, indicating that their mechanism of cytotoxicity may involve interference with this component of the replication machinery.
Footnotes
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Send reprint requests to: Dr. William E. Evans, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale St., Memphis, TN 38105. E-mail: william.evans{at}stjude.org
- Abbreviations:
- MP
- 6-mercaptopurine
- TG
- 6-thioguanine
- dGS
- 6-deoxythioguanosine
- RNase H
- ribonuclease H
- HPRT
- hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase
- TPMT
- thiopurine methyltransferase
- DTT
- dithiothreitol (treo-1,4-dimercapto-2,3-butanediol)
- PAAG
- polyacrylamide gel
- AMCA
- N-[6-(7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetamido)hexyl]-3′-(2′-pyridyldithio)-propionamide
- Received April 5, 1999.
- Accepted July 14, 1999.
- The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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