Abstract

After site-directed mutagenesis, the organic cation transporter rOCT1 was expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes or human embryonic kidney cells and functionally characterized. rOCT1 belongs to a new family of polyspecific transporters that includes transporters for organic cations and anions and the Na⁺-carnitine cotransporter. When glutamate was substituted for Asp475 (middle of the proposed 11th transmembrane α-helix), theV _max values for choline, tetraethylammonium (TEA), N ¹-methylnicotinamide, and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium were reduced by 89 to 98%. The apparentK _m values were also decreased (choline by 15-fold, TEA by 8-fold,N ¹-methylnicotinamide by 4-fold) or remained constant (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium). After the mutation, the membrane potential dependence of the K _mvalue for [³H]choline uptake was abolished. The affinity of n-tetraalkyl ammonium compounds to inhibit TEA uptake was increased. This affinity and its increase by the D475E mutation were increased with the length of the n-alkyl chains. After expression in X. laevis oocytes, the IC₅₀ ratios of wild-type and D475E mutant were 1.7 (tetramethylammonium), 4.3 (TEA), 5.0 (tetrapropylammonium), 5.0 (tetrabutylammonium), and 65 (tetrapentylammonium). Cationic inhibitors with ring structures were differentially affected: the IC₅₀value for TEA inhibition by cyanine 863 remained unchanged, whereas it was increased for quinine. The data suggest that rOCT1 contains a large cation-binding pocket with several interaction domains that may be responsible for high-affinity binding of structurally different cations and that Asp475 is located close to one of these interaction domains.