Chronic Exposure to μ-Opioid Agonists Produces Constitutive Activation of μ-Opioid Receptors in Direct Proportion to the Efficacy of the Agonist Used for Pretreatment

Paul L. Prather, Ph.D., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mail Slot 611, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205. E-mail: pratherpaull{at}uams.edu

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	Abstract	Full	Pdf
Jun 2001	75	46	129
Jul 2001	22	63	71
Aug 2001	5	28	37
Sep 2001	11	35	31
Oct 2001	5	47	42
Nov 2001	6	15	28
Dec 2001	2	19	26
Jan 2002	3	17	27
Feb 2002	5	29	24
Mar 2002	7	17	17
Apr 2002	1	23	12
May 2002	1	21	23
Jun 2002	0	14	19
Jul 2002	3	14	29
Aug 2002	4	18	26
Sep 2002	2	20	28
Oct 2002	2	21	26
Nov 2002	4	18	22
Dec 2002	1	17	23
Jan 2003	4	14	21
Feb 2003	1	14	20
Mar 2003	2	12	25
Apr 2003	1	9	15
May 2003	0	18	12
Jun 2003	3	17	17
Jul 2003	8	12	10
Aug 2003	7	23	14
Sep 2003	11	25	14
Oct 2003	10	26	12
Nov 2003	13	19	13
Dec 2003	8	26	24
Jan 2004	15	31	19
Feb 2004	11	31	19
Mar 2004	15	35	11
Apr 2004	6	27	15
May 2004	15	45	27
Jun 2004	13	27	17
Jul 2004	16	38	18
Aug 2004	14	38	13
Sep 2004	11	32	10
Oct 2004	11	25	8
Nov 2004	10	37	16
Dec 2004	6	16	8
Jan 2005	16	39	15
Feb 2005	10	43	21
Mar 2005	9	35	24
Apr 2005	7	17	27
May 2005	7	19	11
Jun 2005	11	20	13
Jul 2005	6	23	15
Aug 2005	8	14	10
Sep 2005	6	13	7
Oct 2005	7	16	10
Nov 2005	13	14	3
Dec 2005	6	22	7
Jan 2006	6	21	8
Feb 2006	5	33	16
Mar 2006	6	15	12
Apr 2006	2	12	9
May 2006	6	14	14
Jun 2006	5	15	7
Jul 2006	4	14	9
Aug 2006	2	14	14
Sep 2006	2	7	5
Oct 2006	8	18	14
Nov 2006	4	20	9
Dec 2006	3	17	4
Jan 2007	2	22	16
Feb 2007	3	12	7
Mar 2007	7	30	15
Apr 2007	6	31	6
May 2007	7	14	12
Jun 2007	4	16	13
Jul 2007	15	13	9
Aug 2007	1	21	15
Sep 2007	7	26	14
Oct 2007	4	13	12
Nov 2007	5	10	6
Dec 2007	1	7	8
Jan 2008	0	8	10
Feb 2008	3	6	11
Mar 2008	7	14	8
Apr 2008	9	13	7
May 2008	6	9	9
Jun 2008	13	10	3
Jul 2008	6	6	7
Aug 2008	12	7	3
Sep 2008	8	13	8
Oct 2008	6	11	9
Nov 2008	5	10	12
Dec 2008	3	4	0
Jan 2009	5	8	7
Feb 2009	3	9	3
Mar 2009	24	15	3
Apr 2009	3	19	16
May 2009	4	10	4
Jun 2009	8	7	11
Jul 2009	6	10	9
Aug 2009	10	13	9
Sep 2009	7	5	3
Oct 2009	7	8	1
Nov 2009	7	1	0
Dec 2009	5	1	1
Jan 2010	1	5	7
Feb 2010	2	6	0
Mar 2010	3	5	4
Apr 2010	0	6	4
May 2010	7	6	4
Jun 2010	4	1	2
Jul 2010	2	9	5
Aug 2010	3	6	2
Sep 2010	6	5	3
Oct 2010	4	6	6
Nov 2010	9	7	7
Dec 2010	4	8	7
Jan 2011	6	6	7
Feb 2011	10	5	11
Mar 2011	12	12	2
Apr 2011	4	3	5
May 2011	5	8	10
Jun 2011	6	10	7
Jul 2011	8	2	7
Aug 2011	5	3	16
Sep 2011	7	4	10
Oct 2011	0	5	6
Nov 2011	8	9	10
Dec 2011	5	4	5
Jan 2012	7	0	11
Feb 2012	9	4	12
Mar 2012	6	3	5
Apr 2012	7	4	7
May 2012	12	6	3
Jun 2012	6	8	4
Jul 2012	8	44	9
Aug 2012	9	21	5
Sep 2012	10	5	6
Oct 2012	16	2	11
Nov 2012	14	5	12
Dec 2012	6	12	6
Jan 2013	20	16	2
Feb 2013	6	1	9
Mar 2013	10	3	38
Apr 2013	10	4	14
May 2013	8	6	9
Jun 2013	3	3	6
Jul 2013	6	3	3
Aug 2013	2	0	3
Sep 2013	17	2	5
Oct 2013	11	9	11
Nov 2013	8	6	8
Dec 2013	3	5	5
Jan 2014	13	5	5
Feb 2014	9	4	6
Mar 2014	2	12	9
Apr 2014	7	8	6
May 2014	9	4	13
Jun 2014	3	10	10
Jul 2014	1	2	3
Aug 2014	0	4	5
Sep 2014	4	5	7
Oct 2014	6	11	6
Nov 2014	3	14	7
Dec 2014	5	5	3
Jan 2015	10	7	127
Feb 2015	2	3	3
Mar 2015	6	5	3
Apr 2015	2	8	4
May 2015	2	8	5
Jun 2015	5	11	4
Jul 2015	5	6	6
Aug 2015	11	4	2
Sep 2015	2	8	3
Oct 2015	6	9	7
Nov 2015	4	10	4
Dec 2015	12	3	2
Jan 2016	5	4	1
Feb 2016	18	10	2
Mar 2016	6	1	5
Apr 2016	4	4	2
May 2016	5	8	3
Jun 2016	6	9	12
Jul 2016	7	1	10
Aug 2016	8	9	12
Sep 2016	5	9	8
Oct 2016	5	9	2
Nov 2016	6	9	11
Dec 2016	3	6	3
Jan 2017	3	22	6
Feb 2017	1	6	0
Mar 2017	1	22	1
Apr 2017	0	21	1
May 2017	0	16	2
Jun 2017	1	5	0
Jul 2017	3	10	2
Aug 2017	2	10	3
Sep 2017	3	108	3
Oct 2017	1	93	1
Nov 2017	1	19	1
Dec 2017	1	15	4
Jan 2018	0	26	2
Feb 2018	1	15	6
Mar 2018	2	12	1
Apr 2018	1	9	0
May 2018	2	13	7
Jun 2018	3	17	5
Jul 2018	3	10	3
Aug 2018	0	3	0
Sep 2018	0	14	3
Oct 2018	0	9	6
Nov 2018	2	31	5
Dec 2018	18	5	1
Jan 2019	10	3	1
Feb 2019	20	4	0
Mar 2019	28	3	1
Apr 2019	5	4	1
May 2019	13	1	2
Jun 2019	7	4	4
Jul 2019	8	3	2
Aug 2019	17	5	1
Sep 2019	20	3	2
Oct 2019	16	1	2
Nov 2019	17	2	2
Dec 2019	12	7	4
Jan 2020	9	0	0
Feb 2020	16	2	0
Mar 2020	9	2	1
Apr 2020	55	2	3
May 2020	9	1	0
Jun 2020	7	0	2
Jul 2020	5	3	1
Aug 2020	0	0	1
Sep 2020	4	6	1
Oct 2020	10	18	0
Nov 2020	15	14	6
Dec 2020	22	8	1
Jan 2021	17	18	2
Feb 2021	13	18	2