Abstract

Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is a newly identified ATP-binding cassette transporter, shown to confer multidrug resistance (MDR) to a number of important anticancer agents and play an important function in governing drug disposition. Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic compounds widely present in foods and herbal products. The interactions of flavonoids with P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 have been reported; however, their interaction with BCRP is unknown. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of 20 naturally occurring flavonoids on the cellular accumulation and cytotoxicity of mitoxantrone in both BCRP-overexpressing and BCRP-negative human cell lines. BCRP-overexpressing and BCRP-negative human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and large cell lung carcinoma cells (NCI-H460) were used in these studies. Many of the tested flavonoids (50 μM) increased mitoxantrone accumulation in BCRP-overexpressing cells, completely reversing mitoxantrone resistance, with no effect on the corresponding BCRP-negative cells, indicating that these flavonoids are BCRP inhibitors. The effects of these flavonoids on the cellular accumulation and cytotoxicity of mitoxantrone were flavonoid concentration dependent, and significant changes were produced at concentrations lower than 10 μM for most of the flavonoids. Chrysin and biochanin A were the most potent BCRP inhibitors, producing significant increases in mitoxantrone accumulation at concentrations of 0.5 or 1.0 μM and in mitoxantrone cytotoxicity at a concentration of 2.5 μM. Flavonoid glycosides had no effects on the BCRP-mediated transport of mitoxantrone. The results obtained in this study could be clinically relevant in terms of both MDR reversal in cancer treatment and drug-flavonoid pharmacokinetic interactions.