Abstract

Proinflammatory mediators such as cytokines and NO play pivotal roles in various inflammatory diseases. To combat inflammatory diseases successfully, regulation of proinflammatory mediator production would be a critical process. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro effects of ethyl (6R)-6-[N-(2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)sulfamoyl]cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate (TAK-242), a novel small molecule cytokine production inhibitor, and its mechanism of action. In RAW264.7 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages, TAK-242 suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of NO, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-6, with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 1.1 to 11 nM. TAK-242 also suppressed the production of these cytokines from LPS-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at IC₅₀ values from 11 to 33 nM. In addition, the inhibitory effects on the LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-12 production were similar in human PBMCs, monocytes, and macrophages. TAK-242 inhibited mRNA expression of IL-6 and TNF-α induced by LPS and interferon-γ in RAW264.7 cells. The phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases induced by LPS was also inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. However, TAK-242 did not antagonize the binding of LPS to the cells. It is noteworthy that TAK-242 suppressed the cytokine production induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 ligands, but not by ligands for TLR2, -3, and -9. In addition, IL-1β-induced IL-8 production from human PBMCs was not markedly affected by TAK-242. These data suggest that TAK-242 suppresses the production of multiple cytokines by selectively inhibiting TLR4 intracellular signaling. Finally, TAK-242 is a novel small molecule TLR4 signaling inhibitor and could be a promising therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases, whose pathogenesis involves TLR4.