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Molecular Pharmacology

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Research ArticleArticle

Broad Specificity of Mammalian Adenylyl Cyclase for Interaction with 2′,3′-Substituted Purine- and Pyrimidine Nucleotide Inhibitors

Tung-Chung Mou, Andreas Gille, Srividya Suryanarayana, Mark Richter, Roland Seifert and Stephen R. Sprang
Molecular Pharmacology September 2006, 70 (3) 878-886; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.106.026427
Tung-Chung Mou
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Andreas Gille
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Srividya Suryanarayana
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Mark Richter
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Roland Seifert
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Stephen R. Sprang
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Abstract

Membrane adenylyl cyclases (mACs) play an important role in signal transduction and are therefore potential drug targets. Earlier, we identified 2′,3′-O-(N-methylanthraniloyl) (MANT)-substituted purine nucleotides as a novel class of highly potent competitive mAC inhibitors (Ki values in the 10 nM range). MANT nucleotides discriminate among various mAC isoforms through differential interactions with a binding pocket localized at the interface between the C1 and C2 domains of mAC. In this study, we examine the structure/activity relationships for 2′,3′-substituted nucleotides and compare the crystal structures of mAC catalytic domains (VC1:IIC2) bound to MANT-GTP, MANT-ATP, and 2′,3′-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) (TNP)-ATP. TNP-substituted purine and pyrimidine nucleotides inhibited VC1:IIC2 with moderately high potency (Ki values in the 100 nM range). Elongation of the linker between the ribosyl group and the MANT group and substitution of N-adenine atoms with MANT reduces inhibitory potency. Crystal structures show that MANT-GTP, MANT-ATP, and TNP-ATP reside in the same binding pocket in the VC1:IIC2 protein complex, but there are substantial differences in interactions of base, fluorophore, and polyphosphate chain of the inhibitors with mAC. Fluorescence emission and resonance transfer spectra also reflect differences in the interaction between MANT-ATP and VC1:IIC2 relative to MANT-GTP. Our data are indicative of a three-site mAC pharmacophore; the 2′,3′-O-ribosyl substituent and the polyphosphate chain have the largest impact on inhibitor affinity and the nucleotide base has the least. The mAC binding site exhibits broad specificity, accommodating various bases and fluorescent groups at the 2′,3′-O-ribosyl position. These data should greatly facilitate the rational design of potent, isoform-selective mAC inhibitors.

Footnotes

  • This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grant DK46371 (to S.R.S.), Welch Foundation grant I-229 (to S.R.S.), the John W. and Rhoda K. Pate Professorship (to S.R.S.), grant 0450120Z from the Heartland Affiliate of the American Heart Association (to R.S.), the Graduate Training Program (Graduiertenkolleg) 760 “Medicinal Chemistry: Molecular Recognition-Ligand-Receptor Interactions” of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (to R.S.), and a predoctoral fellowship from the Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes (to A.G.).

  • ABBREVIATIONS: AC, adenylyl cyclase; mAC, membrane-bound adenylyl cyclase; Gαs, stimulatory G-protein for mAC; FSK, forskolin; MP-FSK, 7-acetyl-7-[O-(N-methylpiperazino)-γ-butyryl)]-forskolin; VC1 and IIC2, the N- and C-terminal catalytic domains from canine type V mAC and rat type II mAC, respectively, expressed as soluble proteins; GTPγS, guanosine 5′-[γ-thio]triphosphate; SVD, singular value decomposition; FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer; MABA, 8-[(4-(N-methylanthraniloyl)amino)butyl]amino; MAHA, 8-[(6-(N-methylanthraniloyl)amino)hexyl]-amino; MANT, 2′(3′)-O-(N-methylanthraniloyl); 6-MANT, N6-[6-((N-methylanthraniloyl)amino)hexyl]; MANT-EDA, 2,3,-[(2-(N-methylanthraniloyl)amino)ethyl-carbamoyl]; TNP, 2′,3′-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl).

  • ↵ Embedded Image The online version of this article (available at http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org) contains supplemental material.

  • ↵1 Current affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.

    • Received May 8, 2006.
    • Accepted June 8, 2006.
  • The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Molecular Pharmacology: 70 (3)
Molecular Pharmacology
Vol. 70, Issue 3
1 Sep 2006
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Research ArticleArticle

Broad Specificity of Mammalian Adenylyl Cyclase for Interaction with 2′,3′-Substituted Purine- and Pyrimidine Nucleotide Inhibitors

Tung-Chung Mou, Andreas Gille, Srividya Suryanarayana, Mark Richter, Roland Seifert and Stephen R. Sprang
Molecular Pharmacology September 1, 2006, 70 (3) 878-886; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.106.026427

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Research ArticleArticle

Broad Specificity of Mammalian Adenylyl Cyclase for Interaction with 2′,3′-Substituted Purine- and Pyrimidine Nucleotide Inhibitors

Tung-Chung Mou, Andreas Gille, Srividya Suryanarayana, Mark Richter, Roland Seifert and Stephen R. Sprang
Molecular Pharmacology September 1, 2006, 70 (3) 878-886; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.106.026427
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