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Research ArticleArticle

Discovery of a Highly Active Ligand of Human Pregnane X Receptor: A Case Study from Pharmacophore Modeling and Virtual Screening to “In Vivo” Biological Activity

Géraldine Lemaire, Cindy Benod, Virginie Nahoum, Arnaud Pillon, Anne-Marie Boussioux, Jean-François Guichou, Guy Subra, Jean-Marc Pascussi, William Bourguet, Alain Chavanieu and Patrick Balaguer
Molecular Pharmacology September 2007, 72 (3) 572-581; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.106.033415
Géraldine Lemaire
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Cindy Benod
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Virginie Nahoum
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Arnaud Pillon
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Anne-Marie Boussioux
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Jean-François Guichou
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Guy Subra
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Jean-Marc Pascussi
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William Bourguet
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Alain Chavanieu
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Patrick Balaguer
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Abstract

The human pregnane X receptor (hPXR) is a nuclear receptor that regulates the expression of phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzymes as well as that of drug transporters. In addition, this receptor plays a critical role in cholesterol homeostasis and in protecting tissues from potentially toxic endobiotics. hPXR is activated by a broad spectrum of low-affinity compounds including xenobiotics and endobiotics such as bile acids and their precursors. Crystallographic studies revealed a ligand binding domain (LBD) with a large and conformable binding pocket that is likely to contribute to the ability of hPXR to respond to compounds of varying size and shape. Here, we describe an in silico method that allowed the identification of nine novel hPXR agonists. We further characterize the compound 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-[1-(1-phenylethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl]methanesulfonamide (C2BA-4), a methanesulfonamide that activates PXR specifically and more potently than does the reference compound 4-[2,2-bis(diethoxyphosphoryl)ethenyl]-2,6-ditert-butyl-phenol (SR12813) in our stable cell line expressing a Gal4-PXR and a GAL4 driven luciferase reporter gene. Furthermore treatment of primary human hepatocytes with C2BA-4 results in a marked induction of the mRNA expression of hPXR target genes, such as cytochromes P450 3A4 and 2B6. Finally, C2BA-4 is also able to induce hPXR-mediated in vivo luciferase expression in HGPXR stable bioluminescent cells implanted in mice. The study suggests new directions for the rational design of selective hPXR agonists and antagonists.

Footnotes

  • This study has been partly supported by the European Union Network CASCADE (FOOD-CT-2003-506319) and ANR JCJC-05-47810 (J.-M.P). C.B. is a recipient of the MENRT from the French Government. V.N. is a recipient of the French Young Researcher Program (INSERM).

  • G.L. and C.B. contributed equally to this work.

  • Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org.

  • doi:10.1124/mol.106.033415.

  • ABBREVIATIONS: PXR, pregnane X receptor; DR, direct repeat; LBD, ligand-binding domain; h, human; SR12813, 4-[2,2-bis(diethoxyphosphoryl)ethenyl]-2,6-ditert-butyl-phenol; C2BA-4, 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-[1-(1-phenylethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl]methanesulfonamide; MD, molecular dynamic; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; FCS, fetal calf serum; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; PDB, Protein Data Bank; SMRT, silencing mediator for retinoic and thyroid hormone receptor.

  • ↵ Embedded Image The online version of this article (available at http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org) contains supplemental material.

    • Received December 22, 2006.
    • Accepted June 15, 2007.
  • The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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Molecular Pharmacology: 72 (3)
Molecular Pharmacology
Vol. 72, Issue 3
1 Sep 2007
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Research ArticleArticle

Discovery of a Highly Active Ligand of Human Pregnane X Receptor: A Case Study from Pharmacophore Modeling and Virtual Screening to “In Vivo” Biological Activity

Géraldine Lemaire, Cindy Benod, Virginie Nahoum, Arnaud Pillon, Anne-Marie Boussioux, Jean-François Guichou, Guy Subra, Jean-Marc Pascussi, William Bourguet, Alain Chavanieu and Patrick Balaguer
Molecular Pharmacology September 1, 2007, 72 (3) 572-581; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.106.033415

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Research ArticleArticle

Discovery of a Highly Active Ligand of Human Pregnane X Receptor: A Case Study from Pharmacophore Modeling and Virtual Screening to “In Vivo” Biological Activity

Géraldine Lemaire, Cindy Benod, Virginie Nahoum, Arnaud Pillon, Anne-Marie Boussioux, Jean-François Guichou, Guy Subra, Jean-Marc Pascussi, William Bourguet, Alain Chavanieu and Patrick Balaguer
Molecular Pharmacology September 1, 2007, 72 (3) 572-581; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.106.033415
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