Abstract
First identified as mediators of G-protein-coupled receptor desensitization and internalization and later as signaling platforms, β-arrestins play a requisite role in chemotaxis and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, downstream of multiple receptors. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying their involvement have remained elusive. Initial interest in β-arrestins as facilitators of cell migration and actin reorganization stemmed from the known interplay between receptor endocytosis and actin filament formation, because disruption of the actin cytoskeleton inhibits these β-arrestin-dependent events. With growing interest in the mechanisms by which cells can sense a gradient of agonist during cell migration, investigators began to hypothesize that β-arrestins may contribute to directed migration by controlling chemotactic receptor turnover at the plasma membrane. Finally, increasing evidence emerged that β-arrestins are more than just clathrin adaptor proteins involved in turning off receptor signals; they are actually capable of generating their own signals by scaffolding signaling molecules and controlling the activity of multiple cellular enzymes. This new role of β-arrestins as signaling scaffolds has led to the hypothesis that they can facilitate cell migration by sequestering actin assembly activities and upstream regulators of actin assembly at the leading edge. This Minireview discusses recent advances in our understanding of how β-arrestin scaffolds contribute to cell migration, focusing on recently identified β-arrestin interacting proteins and phosphorylation targets that have known roles in actin reorganization.
Footnotes
Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org.
doi:10.1124/mol.111.072470.
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ABBREVIATIONS:
- MAPK
- mitogen-activated protein kinase
- GPCR
- G protein-coupled receptor
- LIMK
- Lin11/Isl-1/Mec-3 domain kinase 1
- WASp
- Wiskott-Aldrich-family protein
- ERK
- extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- siRNA
- small interfering RNA
- AT1AR
- angiotensin II type 1A receptor
- PI3K
- phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- fMLP
- N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine
- GDS
- guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator
- MEK
- mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- Jnk
- c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase
- MLCK
- myosin light chain kinase
- PAR2
- proteinase-activated receptor 2
- CXCR
- C-X-C chemokine receptor
- MKK
- mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
- PAFR
- platelet activating factor receptor
- Arp
- actin-related protein
- GEF
- guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- PAK4
- p21 protein (Cdc42/Rac)-activated kinase 4
- PIP5K
- phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase
- PIP2
- phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate
- ARNO
- Arf nucleotide binding site opener
- ELMO
- engulfment and cell motility protein
- WS
- WHIM syndrome
- WHIM
- warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis.
- Received March 28, 2011.
- Accepted August 11, 2011.
- Copyright © 2011 The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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